近50年华东地区热量资源变化特征分析

利用1961-2010年华东地区87个气象站日平均气温资料,运用线性倾向估计等方法,对华东地区近50a来≥0℃和≥10℃积温及其持续天数和起止日期的时空分布特征进行分析,以了解气候变暖对该地区热量资源分布的影响。结果表明,1961-2010年华东地区气温持续增高,回归系数达0.24℃/10a,趋势系数为0.68(P<0.01),各项热量资源指标与气温呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。随着气候变暖,≥0℃和≥10℃的积温及持续天数普遍显著增加;≥0℃积温为5000、6000℃.d和≥10℃积温为4500、5500℃.d,以及≥0℃持续天数为300、340d和≥10℃持续天数为220、240d的等值线从华北平原南部和长江下游地区向北大幅推进,长江下游地区北移幅度较大,≥0℃和≥10℃积温及持续天数明显北移的起始年代分别为20世纪90年代和21世纪前10a。≥0℃和≥10℃积温及持续天数普遍增加是受起始日期提前和终止日期延后的共同影响,而前者的影响更明显。     

Source/sink ratio and the relationship between maximum water content,maximum volume,and final dry weight of maize kernels

Final kernel weight (KW) is closely related to maximum kernel volume (KV) and maximum kernel water content (KWC). It is not clear, however, how changes in the reproductive sink capacity, assimilate availability during grain filling and physical restriction to kernel expansion affect the relationship between KW and KWC or between KW and KV. Three experiments were conducted at Balcarce, Argentina and Ames, USA. Defoliation, thinning, plant density, restricted pollination and volume restriction treatments were imposed to manipulate KV, sink and source capacity. KW varied from 111 to 436 mg across all hybrid–treatments combinations and was related to the source/sink ratio during grain filling (r² = 0.85). Treatment variation in KW was related primarily to changes in kernel growth rate, except for the complete defoliated treatment, which also shortened the duration of grain filling. KW was correlated with maximum KWC (r² = 0.77, p < 0.001) and with maximum KV (r² = 0.91, p < 0.001). The developmental patterns for KW, KWC and KV during grain filling were not affected by the source/sink manipulations, except for severe defoliation. In the latter case, maximum KWC was not a good estimate of final KW. KV, however, was sensitive to reductions in carbohydrate supply during grain filling and was closely correlated to KW. Physical restriction to kernel expansion reduced kernel weight 13% relative to its control (p < 0.01). But restricting kernel expansion did not alter the general relationships between KW and KWC or between KW and KV, because kernel density was not affected.     

柑桔冻害情况调查及其分析

本文据实地调查报道了江西省1991年冬柑枯冻害的天气状况和冻害面积、程度、损失等,并分析了致冻天气、冻害症状、冻害因素等特点,为进一步研究柑桔冻害规律,避免或预防冻害,促进柑桔生产稳定发展提供理论依据。     

Plant development,agronomic performance and nutritive value of forage maize depending on hybrid and marginal site conditions at high latitudes

Abstract

The objectives of this investigation were to study the effects of marginal site conditions and hybrid on plant development, agronomic performance and nutritive characteristics of forage maize (Zea mays L.) at high latitudes. Field experiments were conducted in 2008 and 2009 at three experimental sites, Kristianstad, Skara and Västerås, at increasing latitudes from 55°–60° N. Experimental design used two replicated randomized complete blocks at each site with three maize hybrids, Avenir (FAO 180), Isberi (FAO 190) and Burli (FAO 210), which were continuously assessed for plant development and harvested at various levels of maturity. The chemical composition and nutritional characteristics of harvested plant materials were analysed and hybrid responses to advancing maturity in terms of yield and nutritional qualities were evaluated. Results showed that maize hybrids required different numbers of accumulated thermal units at sites on varying latitudes to achieve developmental stages. Lowest thermal unit requirements among hybrids were observed for hybrid Avenir, and for sites it was highest for plants grown in the most northern site, Västerås. The most southern site, Kristianstad, was the only site at which all hybrids reached the dent stage (c. 450 g kg^?1 kernel DM), a recommended maturity for ensiling. The DM yields of early maturing hybrid Avenir were consistently lower than those for Isberi and Burli at all the sites. Results also revealed nutritional differences among maize hybrids at a given maturity (DM, g kg^?1), indicating that the effects of maturation should be factored into design of hybrid performance trials. This study highlights the effects of marginal site conditions and hybrids on plant development, agronomic performance and nutritional characteristics of maize hybrids at high latitudes. Further studies on marginal sites are recommended to enlighten the understanding of interaction between environmental and genetic factors on the performance of forage maize.     

汶川地震灾区归一化植被指数变化监测分析

提取归一化植被指数合成旬最大植被指数,研究地震重灾区域的植被状况.结果表明:1)盆地西部和北部山区,植被在4月下旬到5月底呈现自然生长规律,并且存在一条以旬最大植被指数为标记的稳定边界线来区分盆西山区和盆地农田;2)2008年地震前期,4月下旬的旬最大植被指数好于5月上旬,地震发生的5月中旬,旬最大植被指数在成都平原、德阳和阿坝州交界的山区明显减小,5月下旬,大部分区域旬最大植被指数都在减小;3)2009年5月中旬的旬最大植被指数是最好的,5月下旬,盆地中的旬最大植被指数值减小;4)地震使得在盆西山区和盆地农田之间通过旬最大植被指数表征的稳定边界被破坏.     

Effect of harvest time on yield and pre-harvest quality of semi-leafless grain peas (Pisum sativum L.) as whole-crop forage

The aim of the work was to study changes in the yield and nutritional characteristics of whole crop semi-leafless field pea over two growing seasons in the Po plain, Italy. Samples of two cultivars (Baccara and Sidney) were collected from flowering to grain maturity. The developmental stage, yield, dry matter (DM) content, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), starch, water soluble carbohydrates (WSC), gross energy (GE), organic matter digestibility (OMD) and the net energy for lactation (NE_L) were determined at each harvest. The forage characteristics were regressed on the growing degree days (GDD) with 4.4 °C as the base temperature. The DM yield increased with advancing maturity from 0.5 to 8.91 Mg ha⁻¹, while the CP decreased from 261 to 159 g kg⁻¹ DM. During the whole growth cycle the GE, OMD, NE_L and milk forage units (milk FU) were almost steady. No differences were observed between the cultivars for any of the measured parameters. At grain maturity, the crop produced over 4.0 Mg ha⁻¹ DM of grain. The CP, starch and WSC of the grain did not show any differences between the cultivars or years. The data showed that the nutritive quality of the forage of the semi-leafless grain pea harvested as a whole crop for ensiling purposes did not diminish with maturity and could help improve the self-sufficiency of dairy farms, in terms of home-grown protein forages.     

气象条件对广西春大豆生长发育及产量的影响

本文用1983—1985年广西春大豆区试播种资料与气象资料进行了相关统计分析。结果表明,影响广西春大豆各生育阶段生育日数的关键气象因子:播种至出苗期为土壤温度;出苗至始花期为日平均气温和降水日数;始花至成熟期为日照时数;出苗至成熟期为降水日数。影响产量的关键气象因子为始花至成熟期的温度日较差、平均相对湿度和降水量。温度日较差和降水量对广西春大豆各生育阶段生育日数的影响不显著。     

陕西暴雨气候背景分析

利用全国720站逐日降水资料和1968 ～ 1996年NCEP/NCAR 2.5°×2.5°月平均资料对陕西省1961 ～ 2000年发生的暴雨进行统计分析.结果表明,陕西省暴雨具有明显的时空分布特征,40年陕西共发生762个暴雨日,主要集中在7月份;暴雨日分布从陕北向陕南显著增加,每年均有占全省47.4％ ～ 78.9％的站发生暴雨;孟加拉湾低槽和副热带高压是影响陕西暴雨发生发展的主要天气系统,阿拉伯海和孟加拉湾为陕西暴雨的发生提供了水汽源.     

基于格点资料的1961−2018年中国霜冻灾害时空变化规律

以1961−2018年长时间序列的格点化气象数据替代以往研究中站点数据,通过趋势分析和聚类分析等方法,研究中国区域内适合格点数据的霜冻辨识阈值、霜冻发生时间及霜冻强度的时空变化规律,以在气候变化背景下合理利用气候资源,降低霜冻灾害给农业生产造成的损失。结果表明：（1）日最低气温0℃相比日最低气温2℃作为阈值辨识初/终霜冻和无霜期的空间分布更加合理。（2）1961−2018年中国大部分地区初霜冻日期推后（1～3d·10a−1）,终霜冻日期提前,无霜期增加（1～3d·10a−1）。（3）不同强度的霜冻年累计发生次数在中国北方有微弱增加态势,在南方呈现明显的减少趋势。其中,晚霜冻不同霜冻强度年发生频次高于早霜冻。（4）以霜冻日期和霜冻发生频数为标准进行中国霜冻灾害区划,全国可分为亚热带、暖温带、中温带、寒温带和青藏高原5个分区。其中,以青藏高原不同霜冻日期变化最为剧烈。整体上,中国区域的气候变暖对于霜冻灾害的发生在时间、空间和强度上有明显的减弱效果。