Microsatellite Marker Based Assessment of Genetic Diversity among Cultivars, Landraces and Wild Relatives in Rice

India being the primary center of origin for rice had a very large treasure of local land races, most of which are out of cultivation today. The exact genetic potential and their differences from commercial varieties and the magnitude of heterogeneity still present in them are not well catalogued. Hence the need to characterize the available land races has become imminent in the modem day concept of crop improvement （Rezai and Frey, 1990）. The present study addresses the utility of SSR markers in divulging the genetic relationships at molecular level among the major component factions office gennplasm viz., local cultivars, land races and wild species collected from a wide range of agro-geographical regions of Indian subcontinent.     

Root size,distribution and soil water depletion as affected by cultivars and environmental factors

Field experiments were carried out in two parts at the Luancheng Experimental Station in the North China Plain. Part I, which was a continuous experiment that ran from 1990 to 2008, investigated the change of grain yield, evapotranspiration (ET), root size and soil water utilization of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under three water regimes (rain-fed, two and four irrigation applications). Part II used 10 cultivars released from 1970 to 2000 that were grown under the same condition for two seasons (2005/2006 and 2006/2007) to compare root size, root:shoot ratio and soil water depletion (SWD). The results of testing in Part I showed that the yield and ET of winter wheat gradually increased from 1990 to the present. There was no consistent change in total root length (TRL) over time. The difference in root size among seasons and irrigation treatments mainly occurred in the upper soil profile, where the root length density (RLD) was greater. No direct relationship was found between root size and soil water use. Thus, TRL was not a factor that indicated the water extracting capacity of crops. The results from Part II revealed that the seasonal ET of earlier released cultivars (ERC) was similar to that of recently released cultivars (RRC) under well-watered conditions. However, ET was slightly increased from ERC to RRC under water deficit conditions, indicating high soil water depletion by RRC. TRL decreased from ERC to RRC and was significantly correlated with plant height. The breeding of winter wheat that reduced plant height not only increased harvest index, but also reduced root size, resulting in a smaller root:shoot ratio. The reduction in TRL from ERC to RRC mainly occurred in the top soil profile. The results from both tests indicate that TRL is not a factor that determines soil water use; rather, the distribution of RLD along the soil profile plays more important role in soil water utilization. Smaller root size in the upper soil layer did not affect soil water uptake, and might be more economical in terms of production efficiency.     

内蒙古玉米机械粒收质量及其影响因素研究

2013～2017年在内蒙古开展9组机械粒收品种筛选与技术集成示范,共获得97个品种/组合139个品次样本数据。收获时采取机械粒收测产方式对其中6组试验进行产量和收获质量测试,结果表明,收获时子粒破碎率均值为9.89%,产量总损失率均值为5.77%,高于国标(GBT-21961—2008)规定≤5%的要求。子粒含水率均值为26.78%,含水率与破碎率、杂质率呈显著正相关。按子粒含水率和单产水平2个指标采用双向平均法作图进行品种分类,对97个供试品种/组合进行初步筛选,吉单66等15个品种表现出子粒含水率低、单产水平高的特点,适合机械粒收。     

平阴玫瑰花粉亚显微形态及品种分类研究

 对平阴玫瑰24个品种的花粉亚显微形态进行了扫描电镜观察研究, 并进行了主成分分析和聚类分析。结果表明, 在花粉亚显微形态特征方面, 各品种之间既有共性, 也存在明显差别, 特别是外壁纹饰的不同可作为玫瑰品种鉴别的重要依据。聚类分析将平阴玫瑰花粉分为两大类, 即玫瑰系和蔷薇系, 与传统形态分类结论基本一致, 但也存在一定的差异。     

高低应答CO2水稻品种苗期根系对高C环境的响应

本文利用水培试验和琼脂板培养试验研究了高CO₂条件下产量响应存在显著差异的两个水稻品种：II优084(高响应)和武运粳23(低响应),在幼苗期根系形态对高C的响应差异。水培试验结果表明,在幼苗时期,高应答品种II优084在低氮条件下地上部生物量在高CO₂下增加28.5%,根系干物质量对高CO₂响应显著,增幅为28.5%,而其不定根数目没有显著增加,对干物质量响应贡献较大的为总根长。II优084的总根长在高CO₂下增幅为26.3%,不同根粗的根长均有高响应。低应答品种武运粳23低氮下地上部和根系响应不显著,而在正常氮和高氮下则不同。正常氮条件下,地上部对高CO₂响应不显著,而根系生物量在高CO₂下显著增加76.0%,不定根数目增加25.8%,同时总根长增加45.0%,不同根粗的根长均有高响应,II优084则没有显著响应。在高氮条件下,武运粳23地上部生物量在高CO₂下增加35.5%,根系生物量增加80.3%,不定根数目增加38.5%,根系平均直径增加16.7%,总根长无响应,而II优084生物量在高氮下无显著差异。同时,武运粳23在正常氮和高氮下的根系表面积和体积对高CO₂响应也较II优084显著。琼脂板培养试验的结果与水培结果一致,武运粳23根系形态对高浓度蔗糖的响应普遍高于II优084。试验结果说明品种对高C环境的响应特征不随培养条件的变化而变化。与植株生长后期不同,在幼苗期正常氮条件下低应答品种武运粳23的根系生物量和各形态指标对高C的响应明显高于II优084,说明水稻苗期生长响应参数与后期产量响应参数不一定一致,可能是由于苗期生长高响应的品种在营养生长期旺长,反而不利于后期生殖生长,从而导致后期产量的低响应。     

烤烟品种比较试验的小区边际效应研究

[目的]保证烤烟小区试验的代表性和科学性。[方法]通过小区试验对烤烟品种比较试验的小区边际效应进行研究。[结果]各品种除产量不存在边行优势外,上等烟比例、上中等烟比例、烟叶外观质量、烟叶评吸质量等4个指标均存在不同程度的优势;边行优势最大值分别为9.4%、3.9%、11.6%和10.4%。边行优势存在一定的品种间差异性,综合分析,中烟103受优势影响最大,边际效应为10.9%,云烟87受优势影响最小,边际效应为9.1%。[结论]边际效应直接影响各个材料产量的高低及品质的排名,在烤烟品种比较试验中要通过适当扩大小区面积和选取内行植株调查来避免小区边际效应对结果的影响。     

应用AFLP标记分析枣品种亲缘关系

从分子水平研究宁夏红枣品种系统发育和亲缘关系,为宁夏枣种质资源的保护和利用提供科学依据。利用AFLP标记方法对原产宁夏地区7个枣品种和6个从区外引种的枣品种基因组DNA进行分析。筛选出的5对AFLP引物组合对13个供试材料共扩增出351条DNA带,其中301条为多态带(占85.75%),平均每个引物扩增多态性带70条。13个材料间的遗传相似系数为0.376～0.957。UPGMA聚类表明,13个材料在相似系数0.85处被划分为5个类。宁夏地域相对狭小,品种交流频繁,从而造成该产区枣品种间亲缘关系较近,演化关系复杂。枣虽然品种资源丰富、分布范围广泛,但遗传多样性相对较小。     

部分柚类品种主要果实性状变异及相关性研究

对31个柚类品种主要果实性状的变异情况及性状间的相关性进行了分析研究。结果显示,主要果实性状变异系数的分布范围很广,在9.18%~82.59%之间。单果重和果实横径、果实纵径呈极显著正相关,与果汁率呈显著正相关,与正常种子数、风味呈显著负相关;维生素C与果实横径、果汁率和可滴定酸呈显著负相关;风味与维生素C、固酸比、糖酸比呈极显著正相关,与可滴定酸呈极显著负相关,与果汁率、可食率、单果重和果实横径呈显著负相关。     

辽宁省果树科学研究所梨育种回顾与展望

作者对辽宁省果树科学研究所近40年来育种工作进行了系统的回顾,包括杂交育种、芽变选种、实生选种等不同育种方法及在梨果实性状遗传规律方面取得的成就等。并对未来的育种趋势进行了展望。     

耐低氮胁迫黄瓜品种的筛选

在正常供氮和低氮胁迫条件下,比较了18个黄瓜品种的产量、地上部生物量、植株氮素吸收总量及果实氮积累量的变化。结果表明：① 在低氮胁迫条件下,所有供试黄瓜品种的产量和果实氮积累量均有不同程度的下降,其中津优2号和津优31号下降幅度较小,津绿30号和美好下降幅度较大|津优2号和津优31号的地上部生物量、津优31号的植株氮素吸收总量有所升高,其余品种的地上部生物量、植株氮素吸收总量均有不同程度的下降,津绿30号和美好下降幅度较大|综合产量、地上部生物量、植株氮素吸收总量、果实氮积累量来看,津优2号和津优31号耐低氮能力较强,津绿30号和美好的耐低氮能力较弱。② 相关性分析表明,在低氮胁迫和正常供氮条件下,地上部生物量、植株氮素吸收总量和果实氮积累量均与产量呈极显著正相关,说明产量、地上部生物量、植株氮素吸收总量、果实氮积累量均可作为耐低氮胁迫的筛选指标。