黄瓜和西芹间作对黄瓜生长及枯萎病发生的影响

为研究黄瓜与西芹间作对黄瓜生长、黄瓜枯萎病菌化感作用及田间黄瓜枯萎病发生的影响,本试验采用室内不同土壤浸提液培养黄瓜枯萎病菌和田间测定黄瓜生长与枯萎病病情指数的方法,探讨与西芹间作土壤浸提液对黄瓜枯萎病菌的化感作用和田间防病效果。结果表明:与西芹间作促进了黄瓜营养生长,降低了第1雌花节位,增加了1~30节内雌花数;与西芹间作土壤浸提液培养的黄瓜枯萎病菌菌落直径最小,分别与西芹单作和黄瓜单作达显著性差异(P0.05);黄瓜与西芹间作土壤的乙醇、丙酮和蒸馏水浸提液均对黄瓜枯萎病菌具有一定化感作用,且表现为抑制作用,化感效果可达38.11%~75.90%;且乙醇浸提液培养的枯萎病菌菌落直径最小,与丙酮和蒸馏水浸提液达极显著差异(P0.01)。采用上述3种土壤田间种植黄瓜,在黄瓜第1片真叶期接种黄瓜枯萎病菌,降低了黄瓜枯萎病的病情指数,对比黄瓜单作和西芹单作的抑病效果可达57.03%~72.15%。因此,黄瓜与西芹间作对黄瓜枯萎病菌具有一定化感抑制效果,能够有效降低田间黄瓜枯萎病的发生,为黄瓜土传病害的化感防控提供科学依据。     

黄瓜花叶病毒病防治策略研究进展

针对黄瓜花叶病毒病防治现状,分析不同防治策略的优缺点,指出药剂防治、生物制剂、疫苗等由于污染环境、防效不明显等原因,在防治CMV上的应用受到越来越多的限制;常规育种由于缺少抗源及育种周期长,在抗CMV育种上成效较低.转基因技术由于基因资源丰富、育种周期短、抗性稳定、不污染环境等优点,在抗CMV研究上有较广泛的应用价值,获得了一批对CMV有较好抗性的转基因植株.运用植物细胞工程技术结合理化诱变因子诱变筛选抗CMV突变体,为创造抗CMV突变系提供了有益的尝试.     

Control of Fusarium wilt disease of cucumber plants with the application of a bioorganic fertilizer

Two field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of organic fertilizer application either with or without antagonistic bacteria (Bacillus subtilis SQR-5 and Paenibacillus polymyxa SQR-21) on the control of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cucumerinum J. H. Owen wilt disease in cucumber. The incidence of Fusarium wilt disease was 5.3–13.5% for cucumber plants treated with bioorganic fertilizer, while it was 30.3–51% in controls (only with organic fertilizer). Higher yields and lower disease incidences were observed in the dry season when compared with the wet season for both types of organic fertilizer treatments. Biolog analysis showed a significant change in soil bacterial composition and activity after bioorganic fertilizer application. The numbers of colony-forming units of F. oxysporum f. sp. Cucumerinum J. H. Owen for bioorganic-fertilizer-treated soils were significantly decreased compared with control. Scanning electron micrographs of cucumber basal stems showed a presence of mycelia-like mini strands accompanied by an amorphous substance within the xylem vessels. This amorphous substance and mini strands were richer in calcium and phosphorus but had low carbon and oxygen than the living mycelia. Reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopic analysis showed that the antagonistic bacteria produced the antifungal compounds fusaricidin A, B, C, and D with molecular weights of 883.5, 897.5, 947.5, and 961.5 Da, respectively. The application of bioorganic fertilizer has a great potential for the control of F. oxysporum wilt disease in cucumber plants.     

水杨酸诱导黄瓜幼苗抗冷性的基因表达

摘要 ：【研究目的】水杨酸 (Salicylic acid,SA) 能诱导植物提高抗生物胁迫和非生物胁迫(冷胁迫等)的能力。为研究SA对非生物胁迫下植物基因表达的影响,【方法】以黄瓜 (“新优30”) 幼苗为试材,用SA (3mmol/L,pH6.0) 溶液和蒸馏水处理后,经7℃冷胁迫48h,提取叶片总RNA并反转录cDNA,【结果】利用mRNA差异显示技术分离出12个差异表达cDNA片段,经反向斑点杂交验证其中2个（SICCL_1 和SICCL_2）为高差异表达片段。序列测定和Blast分析表明,SICCL_1与甜瓜中黄瓜花叶病毒 (Cucumber Mosaic Virus, CMV) 相关基因AM734282有88%同源性;SICCL_2与毛柽柳中NaHCO3胁迫相关基因THL24h-106有86% 同源性。【结论】由此推测,SA诱导植物抵抗生物胁迫和非生物胁迫的能力可能是通过诱导植物某些相同基因的表达来实现的。     

不同冷藏工艺对荷兰黄瓜贮藏品质的影响

采用4种不同的处理方法对荷兰黄瓜进行了贮藏实验研究,着重考察了贮藏过程中黄瓜失水、可溶性固形物及硬度的变化。结果表明:预冷及预热处理后荷兰黄瓜的冷藏效果明显好于采后直接冷藏,室温贮藏效果最差。同种处理方法加保鲜膜后,黄瓜的贮藏品质有较大的提高。因此,在果蔬贮藏前进行预冷或预热处理,并装入专用的保鲜袋中进行冷藏是最大限度保持果蔬品质的良好方法。     

垄的大小对黄瓜高垄覆膜滴灌全价营养液栽培的影响

试验采用高垄覆膜全价营养液滴灌栽培黄瓜,根据垄的大小设置3个处理:通过测量盐分淋洗效果、根际土壤含水量、生长参数和产量,结果表明,3个处理均能有效淋洗盐分,处理A淋洗效果略差于其它处理,但仍在理想淋洗范围内,处理A的产量最高,因此处理A可作为理想的黄瓜栽培垄。     

用气相色谱法检测白菜和黄瓜中多效唑的残留量

建立了白菜和黄瓜中多效唑残留量的气相色谱测定方法。样品经乙腈提取,弗罗里硅土固相萃取小柱净化,采用气相色谱-氮磷检测器测定。实验证明,白菜和黄瓜中多效唑的平均添加回收率在88.4%~102%之间,变异系数在3.4%~8.6%之间,最低检出浓度为0.01 mg/kg。     

腐植酸对黄瓜刺激效应研究

通过温室生物试验,探讨了腐植酸不同浓度下,采取叶部营养对黄瓜增产的刺激效应.结果表明,在150～200mg/kg浓度范围内,腐植酸通过提高叶片叶绿素含量,增进光合效率、激活过氧化氢酶活力而维持细胞膜的正常选择透性,促进对无机营养的吸收利用,从而使无机、有机营养均衡而协调,达到增产并改善品质的双重作用.     

黄瓜杂种一代早熟优势及其性状构成基础

本文通过对具有代表性的几个黄瓜自交系及其杂种一代早熟性和早期产量次级构成性状的系统分析,探讨了春黄瓜杂种早熟优势的表现及优势构成的基础。结果表明,杂一代早期产量普遍存在着正向超亲优势(早期主蔓座果率、果实日增重克数、植株早期有效分枝数),而播种至开花的日数、第一雌花节位、开花时植株叶片数则多为负向优势。对杂一代产量构成性状及关联性状优势强度的相关性分析表明,F_1早熟优势与其次级构成性状优势的相关方向与该性状在F_1上的优势表现方向一致,且许多相关达到显著与极显著水准,这种现象在一定程度上体现了春黄瓜早熟性优势存在的本质。     

Response of transgenic cucumber expressing a rice class I chitinase gene to two fungal pathogens with different infectivities

A transgenic cucumber line (CR32) over-expressing the rice class I chitinase gene exhibited resistance to Phytophthora rot (Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica) but not to Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum). The infection behavior of these fungi on CR32 and nontransgenic plants was examined with an optical microscope. In zoosporangia of P. nicotianae var. parasitica, the rates of germination and penetration on leaves of both CR32 and nontransgenic plants were almost equal. After infection, however, the growth of infection hyphae was markedly suppressed in CR32 compared with their growth in the nontransgenic plants. In F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum, the infection hyphae localized in petiole vessels of both CR32 and nontransgenic plants, and growth did not differ in the two plants. We investigated the antifungal activity of a high-molecular-weight fraction (HF) and a low-molecular-weight fraction (LF) of crude leaf extracts from CR32 and from the nontransgenic line. CR32 HF, which included the rice chitinase, had antifungal activity only against F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum. In contrast, CR32 LF, which did not have the rice chitinase, had strong antifungal activity against the two fungi. These results suggested that a low-molecular-weight antifungal substance(s) was induced in CR32 and might function as a factor of resistance to P. nicotianae var. parasitica, which has cell walls that almost never contain chitin. Because rice chitinase has already been demonstrated not to localize in vessels of CR32, the infection localization of F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum in vessels might enable the fungus to avoid antifungal substance(s), resulting in Fusarium wilt in transgenic cucumber.