铜和邻苯二胺在水相中和矿物上交互作用的研究

采用室内分析测定方法，研究了铜和邻苯二胺在水相以及高岭石和蒙脱石上的交互作用过程。结果表明，在纯水体系中邻苯二胺与铜发生了明显的络合反应，通过等摩尔法推导得出邻苯二胺与铜的络合系数为2，表观络合常数约在10^7数量级，且随酸度的变化而改变；邻苯二胺的存在降低了铜在高岭石上的吸附量；而在蒙脱石体系中，邻苯二胺的存在则增加了铜的吸附量，并随邻苯二胺浓度的增加这种作用更加明显。与此同时，邻苯二胺均降低了游离态铜在平衡溶液中的含量，而且铜的存在也相应降低了溶液中游离态邻苯二胺的浓度。该研究对于深入理解复杂体系中复合污染物之间交互作用过程具有一定的参考意义。     

蓖麻愈伤组织对铜的抗性研究（英文）

[目的]研究铜胁迫下蓖麻愈伤组织的增殖及其铜吸收作用。[方法]将配制成不同浓度的CuSO4·5H2O水溶液分别加入愈伤组织继代培养基,接种愈伤组织,计算出愈伤组织对铜的抗性指数。并通过火焰原子吸收光谱法测定愈伤组织铜含量。[结果]铜浓度60 mg/L条件下,愈伤组织的增长受到抑制,抗性指数仅为33.87%;铜浓度40 mg/L时,愈伤组织呈淡黄色,生长较快,抗性指数达到61.29%,并且这种抗性可以保持至连续继代培养6周之后。培养至第4周,铜浓度分别在10、20、30、40 mg/L各处理的抗性指数都高于第3周,各处理愈伤组织铜含量依次为0.33、0.54、1.16、1.40 mg/g。[结论]培养基铜含量40 mg/L可作为筛选铜抗性蓖麻愈伤组织的临界值。     

Effects of Cu2+-exchanged montmorillonite on intestinal microflora, digestibility and digestive enzyme activities of Nile tilapia

A total of 360 Nile tilapia at an average initial body weight of 3.9 g were randomly allocated to four treatments, each of which had three replicates of 30 fish per tank and used to investigate the effects of Cu²⁺‐exchanged montmorillonite (Cu‐MMT) on intestinal microflora, digestibility and digestive enzyme activities. The dietary treatments were: (i) basal diet, (ii) basal diet + 1.5 g kg^?1 MMT; (iii) basal diet + 30 mg kg^?1 copper as CuSO₄ (equivalent to the copper in the Cu‐MMT treatment group), or (iv) basal diet + 1.5 g kg^?1 Cu‐MMT. The results showed that supplementation with Cu‐MMT significantly improved growth performance as compared with the control and fish fed with Cu‐MMT had higher growth performance than those fed with MMT or CuSO₄. Supplementation with Cu‐MMT reduced (P < 0.05) the total intestinal aerobic bacterial counts and affected the composition of intestinal microflora with Aeromonas, Vibrio, Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Acinetobacter, Alcaligence, Enterobacteriaceae decreasing as compared with the control. Addition of MMT improved (P < 0.05) the apparent digestibility of dry matter and crude protein, and the activities of intestinal amylase, lipase, and alkaline phosphatase as compared with the control. Addition of Cu‐MMT improved (P < 0.05) the apparent digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, and crude ash, and the activities of total protease, amylase, lipase, and alkaline phosphatase as compared with the control. While supplementation with CuSO₄ had no (P > 0.05) effect on intestinal microflora, digestibility, and digestive enzyme activities the results showed that Cu‐MMT exhibited antibacterial activity in vivo resulting in a positive effect on digestive enzyme activities, and then promoted the digestion and absorption of dietary nutrition.     

不同水温下虹鳟血液红细胞数及血清中血糖与矿质元素含量测定

采用显微记数法和使用日立7170A全自动生化分析仪与贝克曼CX-3电解质分析仪,测定水温14℃、19℃、23℃时虹鳟(Salmoirideus Gibbons)血液中红细胞数量和血清中血糖与矿质元素含量。结果表明:水温从14℃升至23℃,虹鳟血液红细胞数量显著减少;血清中血糖含量在水温19℃时表现为增加、在23℃时又表现为减少;铜元素含量在水温23℃时较14℃时增加84.06%,钾、磷、钙、镁、钠、氯、铁元素含量在水温23℃时较14℃时增幅为1.65%～33.66%。     

Cu2+、Zn2+和Cd2+对茂名海域文昌鱼酸、碱性磷酸酶的影响

试验结果表明,在Cu2+质量浓度为0.096 mg/L水体中生活的文昌鱼酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)均不受抑制作用,在Cu2+质量浓度为0.16、0.256、0.356 mg/L水体中生活的文昌鱼的ACP、ALP活性均显著受抑制(P＜0.05),随时间延长和质量浓度升高,抑制作用增强.在Zn2+质量浓度达到0.195 mg/L时,文昌鱼的ALP与对照组同期相比受抑制作用显著(P＜0.05),随质量浓度增加,受抑制作用增强;ACP在Zn2+质量浓度达到0.39 mg/L时,文昌鱼ACP第10 d影响不显著(P＞0.05),第20 d和30 d表现出显著(P＜0.05)抑制作用,超过这一质量浓度,受抑制作用增强.在Cd2+水体中生活的文昌鱼ALP在Cd2+质量浓度为0.4 mg/L时,抑制显著(P＜0.05),在此质量浓度水体中的文昌鱼ACP在第30 d测定时也表现为抑制显著(P＜0.05),随时间延长和质量浓度增加,文昌鱼ACP、ALP活性受抑制作用增强,在最高质量浓度为2.0 mg/L时,至中期已经死亡.     

Cu^2＋对四尾栅藻和水华微囊藻增殖的影响

本实验研究了不同铜离子浓度对鳗鱼土池中两种优势浮游藻类生长的影响。结果表明：当Cu^2＋质量浓度为80μg/L~640μg/L时,能促进四尾栅藻的生长,其中160μg/L组的四尾栅藻比增长率达到最大值1.599,当Cu^2＋质量浓度为1280μg/L~2560μg/L时对四尾栅藻细胞的增殖起到明显的抑制作用。而水华微囊藻对铜离子更加敏感,Cu^2＋质量浓度在40μg/L~640μg/L范围内,对水华微囊藻均产生不同程度的抑制作用,其中以640μg/L抑制最为明显,其比增长率为最小值-1.425。     

Cu2+对牙鲆肌肉抗氧化防御系统的影响

将牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)置于不同浓度的Cu2+溶液中10d,测定其肌肉中过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性。结果表明:随着Cu2+浓度的增高,CAT、SOD、GSH-PX的活性均表现为低浓度诱导,高浓度抑制;当处于低浓度Cu2+溶液中时,牙鲆肌肉中的SOD较CAT和GSH-PX敏感,因此其可作为水生生态系统中Cu2+低浓度暴露的一种生物检测指标。     

Pea extracellular Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase responsive to signal molecules from a fungal pathogen

We previously reported that the release of O₂ ⁻ from isolated pea cell walls was enhanced by a 70-kDa glycoprotein elicitor but was suppressed by mucin-type glycopeptide suppressors (supprescins A and B) prepared from pycnospore germination fluid of Mycosphaerella pinodes, causal agent of Mycosphaerella blight of pea. Here, we show that superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the apoplast fluid/cell wall of pea seedlings responds to the fungal elicitor and suppressor molecules. In a pharmacological study and with internal amino acid sequencing, the apoplastic SOD in a pea cultivar Midoriusui was found to be a Cu/Zn type SOD. We cloned a full-length cDNA of the Cu/Zn-SOD and designated it as PsCu/Zn-SOD1. An increase in PsCu/Zn-SOD1 mRNA and the PsCu/Zn-SOD1 protein was induced by treatment with the elicitor more intensively than by wounding. Such induction by the elicitor or wounding, however, was inhibited by the concomitant presence of supprescins. The SOD activity of recombinant PsCu/Zn-SOD1 was regulated directly by these signal molecules in a manner similar to their effect on the SOD activity in the apoplastic fluid and in the cell wall-bound proteins. Based on these findings, we discuss a role for PsCu/Zn-SOD1 in the pea defense response. The nucleotide sequence data of PsCu/Zn-SOD1 reported are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under accession number AB189165.     

重金属Cu~(2+)在黄鳝体内蓄积的研究

采用原子吸收分光光度法,分别测定了Cu2+及与表面活性剂AE、LAS参与下Cu2+在黄鳝体内肝脏、肌肉和性腺等不同组织部位中的蓄积量。实验结果表明:Cu2+在鱼体内的蓄积量与组织的类型、表面活性剂以及处理时间、Cu2+浓度等因素有关;同等条件下,Cu2+在3种组织器官中蓄积量的大小顺序为:肝脏>肌肉>性腺;鱼类对水相Cu2+的吸收符合简单的线性关系,且在一定范围内的蓄积量与处理液中Cu2+浓度、培养时间均成正比;表面活性剂LAS和AE对鱼类有较强的毒性作用,亦可使鱼体对Cu2+的吸收量产生一定的阻碍作用。     

铜对土壤酶和碱解氮及甘蔗生长影响

【目的】研究土壤Cu浓度对土壤性状动态变化规律及甘蔗生长的影响,为农产品安全生产和重金属污染治理提供依据。【方法】以甘蔗为试验材料,采用盆栽法,设置不同土壤Cu浓度处理（44.15、61.65、79.15、86.65、94.15、269.15、444.15mg/kg）,在甘蔗不同生长期采样分析土壤性状及蔗株的生长情况。【结果】土壤脲酶随Cu浓度的增加（44.15-444.15mg/kg）呈先增加后降低的趋势,当Cu浓度为86.65或94.15mg/kg时达最大值;甘蔗各生长期土壤碱解N随土壤Cu浓度的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势;土壤脲酶活性与Cu浓度呈负效应,其中分蘖期和伸长期达到极显著和显著负相关;土壤碱解N与Cu浓度呈正、负效应,其中分蘖期和伸长期呈显著正相关;甘蔗株高、茎径、产量、蔗汁锤度随土壤Cu浓度的增加先增加后降低,甘蔗Cu受害临界值为土壤全Cu269.15mg/kg或蔗茎Cu7.82mg/kg。【结论】适宜的土壤Cu浓度可提高土壤脲酶活性、碱解N含量及甘蔗产量、品质;土壤脲酶活性与Cu浓度呈负效应,土壤碱解N与Cu浓度呈正、负效应。