甜菜碱对猪生长性能、体脂含量的影响及其机理探讨

甜菜碱是一种天然化合物，它无毒、无害、性质稳定，又在动物蛋白质和脂肪代谢中起看非常重要的作用。甜菜碱通过影响生长代谢调控轴激素和氨基酸、脂肪代谢对猪生长性能、胴体组成、肉质等产生一定的影响，并达到降低动物脂肪沉积的目的。     

猪肌肉组织LPL基因表达的发育性变化及其与肌内脂肪沉积关系的研究

以40-90 kg 6个体重组的莱芜猪和鲁莱黑猪共72头去势公猪为试验对象(每组6头),采用相对定量RT-PCR方法,以-βactin基因为内标,分析肌肉组织LPL基因表达的发育性变化及其与肌内脂肪沉积的关系。结果表明:莱芜猪与鲁莱黑猪肌肉组织中LPL基因表达的发育性变化趋势基本相似,随体重的增长,莱芜猪50-70kg阶段LPLmRNA表达丰度逐渐下降(P<0.05),80 kg阶段迅速回升出现一个峰值后再次下降;鲁莱黑猪LPLmRNA表达丰度随体重的增加呈缓慢下降趋势,70 kg以后变化不大并维持较低水平,其前期(40-60 kg)与后期(70-90 kg)的表达量差异显著(P<0.05)。总体上莱芜猪肌肉组织LPL基因表达量略高于鲁莱黑猪(P>0.05)。相关分析表明,莱芜猪和鲁莱黑猪肌内脂肪相对含量与肌肉组织LPLmRNA表达的发育性变化分别呈显著(P<0.05)和极显著(P<0.01)的正相关。研究结果提示:猪肌肉组织LPL是肌内脂肪沉积的重要参与者,其编码基因的表达具有明显的体重发育特征,并对肌内脂肪的沉积具有一定程度影响。     

Markers for Predicting Overweight or Obesity of Broodmares

Obesity has become of great concern to all equine community from both veterinary and welfare points of view. For estimating obesity markers of brood mares, 17 mares with body conditions were subjected to blood sampling and ultrasound examination to measure rump fat for 6 consecutive weeks. Body length (L), girth (G), and height (H) were measured to estimate body weight (BW), body fat %, body fat mass (BFM) and body mass index (BMI). Mares were classified into three groups according to body condition score (BCS) and rump fat thickness (RF). Overweight mares (O) had BCS >7 and RF >7 mm, moderate (M) had BCS and RF >3 to ≤7, and emaciated (E) had BCS and RF ≤ 3 mm. Glucose, triglycerides, nitric oxide (NO), insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-1), leptin, ovarian hormones, and thyroid hormones were measured. Results revealed that BCS, G, L, L × G × H, BW, RF, fat %, and BFM correlated significantly (P < .0001) with body condition. Tetraiodothyronine concentrations of E mares were significantly high (P = .04), but triiodothyronine concentrations tended (P = .07) to be low. Insulin (P = .06) and IGF-1 (P = .07) concentrations tended to be high in O mares. Moderate mares had the highest leptin concentrations (P = .007), but E mares had the lowest P4 concentrations (P = .01). Overweight mares had nonsignificantly high glucose, NO, and triglycerides. In conclusion, back fat and morphometric measurements are the easiest and simple assessment of overweight and obesity. Obese and overweight mares showed slight hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and hyperglycemia. Hyperleptinemia alone is not indicative of obesity.     

牛初乳与牛常乳中乳脂肪球膜蛋白质的组成及功能的对比研究

利用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electropheresis,SDS-PAGE)将牛初乳与牛常乳中乳脂肪球膜蛋白质的组成部分进行分离鉴定,发现牛初乳与牛常乳中乳脂肪球膜蛋白质的组成存在较大的差异,且在牛初乳中鉴定出628种乳脂肪球膜蛋白质,牛常乳中鉴定出487种乳脂肪球膜蛋白质.由基因本体(gene ontology,GO)功能注释分析发现,在生物过程中生物调控作用是牛初乳和牛常乳中乳脂肪球膜的主要生物过程.在分子功能上,牛初乳的乳脂肪球膜蛋白质的绑定作用大于牛常乳.在细胞组成上,牛初乳乳脂肪球膜蛋白质参与细胞外区域远远大于牛常乳.通过京都基因与基因组百科全书系统(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes,KEGG)代谢通路分析可知,牛初乳和牛常乳乳脂肪球膜蛋白质参与的代谢途径不同,表明牛初乳在日后的生产加工中更具有利用价值.     

粘度对超高温灭菌奶中脂肪球上浮的影响

基于物理反射模型的背反射光检测技术研究不同瓜尔胶添加量对超高温灭菌乳体系粘度及乳脂肪球的稳定性.以0.02%添加量(w/w)的K-卡拉胶作为乳蛋白稳定剂.蔗糖酯SE-15、羟基化改性大豆磷脂及分子蒸馏单甘酯按一定比例进行复配并以0.1%(w/w)进行添加以稳定乳脂肪,在此基础上分别添加0%、0.02%、0.03%、0.04%的瓜尔胶以增加超高温灭菌乳的粘度.分别测定了样品的粘度及顶部脂肪球的迁移动力学并比较4者之间的稳定动力学.实验结果表明,随着瓜尔胶添加量的增加,样品粘度亦随之增加,顶部的脂肪浮油速率呈降低趋势,瓜尔胶添加量为0.03%时样品的稳定性达到最大值.因此,增加粘度可以抑制乳脂肪球上浮速率、增加产品的稳定性.     

优质鸡体脂分布评价指标的筛选

体脂分布可作为优质肉鸡选育的重要指标.向高肌内脂肪、低腹脂、低皮下脂肪型体脂分布方向进行鸡种选育,是当今优质肉鸡育种工作的紧迫任务.本研究通过测定鸡脂肪在体内的分布情况,并进行了相关性分析,结果表明:不同品系母鸡皮脂率、腹脂率、IMFx含量差异显著(P<0.05),其中腹脂率//IMFx值与腹脂率和皮脂率均呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与IMFx呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),说明这一指标能够在一定程度上反映脂肪在腹部、肌内和皮下的分布状况.因此,确定腹脂率/IMFx值可作为一个有效的指标来衡量优质鸡的体脂分布,即作为优质鸡品系选育及杂交选育的评价指标之一.     

The influence of temperature and age on the T1 relaxation time of the equine distal limb

The extent of fat suppression using short tau inversion recovery (STIR) imaging is variable between horses. Our aim was to determine if patient's age and/or hoof temperature have an influence on the T(1) relaxation time of bone marrow in the equine distal limb, thereby affecting the suppression of fat signal. Magnetic resonance imaging was conducted on standing horses and cadaver samples using a low-field magnet (0.27 T). The hoof temperature was measured at the lateral side of the coronary band. A modified inversion recovery fast spin-echo (IR-FSE) sequence was used to measure the signal intensity for a range of inversion times (TIs) at six different regions of interest (ROI): (1) distal aspect of the proximal phalanx, (2) proximal aspect of the middle phalanx, (3) distal aspect of the middle phalanx, (4) navicular bone, (5) proximal aspect of the distal phalanx, and (6) distal aspect of the distal phalanx. The T(1) of the bone marrow in the equine distal limb was calculated from the results and was found to increase by 3.13 ± 0.08 (SE) ms/°C. There was no significant effect of age (2-16 years) but the T(1) values measured from the limbs of young (< 1 year) animals were considerably longer (32.6 ± 1.7 (SE) ms). Similar effects of temperature and age were found for all measured ROIs but there were significant differences in the mean values of T(1) , ranging from +7.7 (distal aspect of the distal phalanx) to -13.2 ms (distal aspect of the proximal phalanx).     

Effect of acquisition time and chemical fat suppression on meningeal enhancement on MR imaging in dogs

Our purpose was to characterize meningeal gadolinium enhancement on magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in dogs with inflammatory and neoplastic diseases, and to assess interobserver variability and the impact of delayed acquisition and chemical fat saturation on its conspicuity. Transverse T1-weighted FLAIR images were acquired prior to, and immediately following gadolinium injection (T0), and at 5 (T5) and 15-20 min delay (TD), with and without fat suppression, in 155 consecutive dogs imaged for suspected brain disease. The agreement on meningeal enhancement was globally substantial (kappa = 0.61) and the likelihood of obtaining a definite diagnosis was significantly increased with the use of fat suppression (P < or = 0.004). Meningeal enhancement was judged definitively present by consensus in 46 of 155 (30%) dogs. Of these, meningeal enhancement was characterized qualitatively and quantitatively in 30 dogs with a clinical diagnosis (18 inflammatory, 11 neoplastic, 1 infarct), and image sequences were compared. Meningeal enhancement was more often diffuse and leptomeningeal in animals with inflammation versus neoplasia (50% vs. 42%, and 69% vs. 48%, respectively), but significant associations were not found. Meningeal thickness and contrast ratio were higher with neoplasia (P < or = 0.02), but results did not vary significantly between series for either group. Yet, images with fat suppression were most useful 50% of the time for definite diagnosis and/or characterization of meningeal enhancement. While delayed image acquisition following gadolinium injection does not improve characterization of meningeal enhancement in dogs, fat suppression is beneficial qualitatively.     

饲用高粱品种品质性状的比较及评价

为筛选出适宜通辽地区种植的饲用高粱(Sorghum bicolor)品种,2011年对8个饲用高粱品种进行了田间比较试验,系统测定并分析了与动物生产性能相关的粗蛋白、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维的含量,及鲜草产量、干草产量、干鲜比.结果表明:大力士和甜格雷兹品质性状均优于其他6个品种,且品种间差异均达到极显著水平(P＜0.01),通甜1号草产量最高,而品质略低于大力士和甜格雷兹,因此大力士、甜格雷兹适合作青饲利用,通甜1号适合作青贮利用,这3个品种在通辽地区均具有推广价值.     

性激素对非酒精性脂肪变性肝炎(NASH)的保护作用研究

本文旨在研究雌、雄激素对高脂饮食诱导产生的非酒精性脂肪变性肝炎(NASH)的保护作用及其机制。实验采用高脂饲料诱导大鼠的方法,先将成年雄性SD大鼠去势,用含15%猪油和1.25%胆固醇的高脂饲料诱导90d,成功地诱导了大鼠脂肪变性肝炎。在此基础上,皮下注射性激素来研究其对NASH的作用。将去势大鼠分为8个处理组,普通饲喂组(C1)、高脂饲喂组(C2)、高脂饲喂+低剂量雌激素组(lE)、高脂饲喂+高剂量雌激素组(hE)、高脂饲喂+低剂量雄激素组(lD)、高脂饲喂+高剂量雄激素组(hD)、高脂饲喂+低剂量雌激素+低剂量雄激素组(lED)、高脂饲喂+高剂量雌激素+高剂量雄激素组(hED)。每个处理10只鼠,共处理90d。组织学染色结果显示,各激素处理组明显减少了NASH的肝脏内脂肪的沉积。单一的雌激素或雄激素作用效果明显低于雌雄激素的协同作用。基因表达(mRNA)定量分析表明,该作用是通过上调肝脏内FAS、ACC和下调IL-6、TNF-α来实现的,即增加了脂肪酸的从头合成并抑制了IL-6和TNF-α介导的发炎途径。本实验为实现性激素对高脂饮食诱导的NASH治疗提供了基础性的实验依据。