休闲期不同耕作模式对旱地麦田土壤水分、养分及产量的影响

为探索适宜晋南旱地小麦高效生产的耕作模式,以晋麦92为试验材料,设置休闲期深翻/深翻、深松/深翻、深松/深松、常规耕作(对照)4个耕作模式,研究其对土壤水分及养分、作物生长和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,深翻/深翻、深松/深翻、深松/深松模式较对照休闲末期3m内土壤蓄水量和土壤蓄水效率显著提高,土壤蓄水效率提高达52.5%~91.3%,以深松/深松模式较好;越冬-孕穗期3m内土壤蓄水量提高,且深松/深松模式与对照差异显著;各生育时期单株干物质积累量提高,且越冬-拔节期深松/深松、深松/深翻模式与对照差异显著,孕穗-成熟期各耕作模式与对照差异均显著;穗数、千粒重、产量和水分利用效率显著提高,其中穗数提高22.7%~29.9%,水分利用效率提高15.1%~21.6%,产量提高39.4%~60.3%,以深松/深松模式较好;收获后0~40cm土层土壤有机质平均含量提高2.5%~8.7%,速效磷含量提高11.1%~34.4%,碱解氮含量提高5.1%~20.2%,以深松/深松模式较好。总之,深翻/深翻、深松/深翻、深松/深松模式均能提高土壤蓄水保墒能力,改善养分供应状况,有利于促进小麦干物质积累,最终提高产量和水分利用效率,以深松/深松模式最佳。     

Herbage production,nutritive value and animal productivity within hardwood silvopasture,open and mixed pasture systems in Appalachia,United States

Demand for livestock food products is projected to increase dramatically through to 2050. Increased livestock production capacity on marginal lands will be critical to meeting this demand. A 5‐year research effort was undertaken to evaluate lamb and sward productivity within open and hardwood silvopasture (SP) systems in Appalachia, USA. Grazing began in mid to late April each year, with the grazing season averaging 141 d. Grazing system treatments during 2002 and 2003 grazing seasons were as follows: 100% open pasture (OP), 67% OP and 33% SP, and 67% OP and 33% SP with delayed SP grazing initiation (OSD). In 2004, a 100% SP (SP) system was added. Animals were rotationally stocked through either 6 (2002–2004) or 7 (2005–2006) paddocks. Open pasture produced greater (P < 0·001) grazing season herbage yield, while all systems generated similar animal performance. Based on summer solstice, herbage production in spring was greater (P < 0·001) than summer, except in 2003. Total non‐structural carbohydrate (TNC) content was greater (P < 0·05) in spring than in summer, except in 2004. Animal performance was superior in spring versus summer (P < 0·001). Animal plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) was lower (P < 0·05) for OP in 2003. When PUN was correlated with nutritive value indicators, the ratio of TNC to crude protein (CP) had the strongest correlation. The strong correlation indicates the need for synchronized ruminal energy and CP availability. Development of silvopasture from existing woodlots has potential to improve whole farm productivity on marginal lands.     

An economically based evaluation index for perennial and short‐term ryegrasses in New Zealand dairy farm systems

Grazed pastures based on ryegrass species provide most of the feed for dairy cattle in New Zealand. There are many cultivars of perennial (Lolium perenne), annual and Italian (L. multiflorum), and hybrid (L. boucheanum) ryegrasses available for dairy farmers to use in pasture renewal. This study describes an index which ranks ryegrass cultivars relative to a genetic base according to the estimated economic value (EV) of seasonal dry matter (DM) traits. A farm system model was used to derive EVs (Grazed pastures based on ryegrass species provide most of the feed for dairy cattle in New Zealand. There are many cultivars of perennial (Lolium perenne), annual and Italian (L. multiflorum), and hybrid (L. boucheanum) ryegrasses available for dairy farmers to use in pasture renewal. This study describes an index which ranks ryegrass cultivars relative to a genetic base according to the estimated economic value (EV) of seasonal dry matter (DM) traits. A farm system model was used to derive EVs ($ ha^?1 calculated as change in operating profit divided by unit change of the trait) for additional DM produced in different seasons of the year in four regions. The EV of early spring DM was consistently high across all regions, whereas EV for late spring DM was moderate to low. Genotype × environment analysis revealed significant reranking of DM yield among ryegrass cultivars across regions. Hence, separate performance values (PVs) were calculated for two mega‐environments and then combined with the corresponding season and region EV to calculate the overall EV for twenty‐three perennial ryegrass and fifteen short‐term ryegrass cultivars. The difference in operating profit between the highest ranked and lowest ranked perennial ryegrass cultivar ranged from $556 ha^?1 to $863 ha^?1 year^?1 depending on region. For short‐term ryegrasses used for winter feed, the corresponding range was $394 to $478 ha^?1 year^?1. Using PV for DM yield, it was estimated that plant improvement in perennial ryegrass has added $12–$18 ha^?1 year^?1 (depending on region) operating profit on dairy farms since the mid‐1960s.     

长江中游不同玉稻种植模式产量及资源利用效率的比较研究

发展长江中游玉米生产是解决本区域玉米产需矛盾的根本途径。近年来随着长江中游玉米的快速发展,该地区出现了春玉米–晚稻、双季玉米和早稻–秋玉米等新型的一年两熟制种植模式,为探明其适应性和实用性,2013—2014年在湖北省武穴市设置了传统种植的双季稻(对照)、春玉米–晚稻、双季玉米和早稻–秋玉米共4种两熟制种植模式,分析比较其周年产量及光、温、水资源利用效率和经济效益。结果表明,春玉米–晚稻和双季玉米周年产量显著高于早稻–秋玉米和双季稻。与双季稻相比,春玉米–晚稻周年产量、光能生产效率、光能利用率、积温生产效率、水分利用率及经济效益分别提高18.3%、14.1%、23.4%、16.4%、37.2%和44.3%,双季玉米分别提高了13.5%、8.1%、26.1%、11.4%、88.8%和37.8%。春玉米其产量、积温生产效率、水分利用率及经济效益两年平均比早稻分别高出30.6%、29.5%、57.2%和96.1%,而秋玉米和晚稻之间产量无显著差异。不同玉稻模式周年产量差异主要源于第一季春玉米和早稻产量的差异。可见,春玉米–晚稻和双季玉米是适宜在长江中游推广的两熟制种植模式。     

基于ARM的过滤器控制器的研究

在简介自动清洗过滤器工作原理、控制发展设计需求的基础上,比较分析了国内外成熟应用自动反冲洗控制系统,并找出目前控制系统存在问题,针对存在的问题提出基于ARM7的自动反冲洗控制系统,利用模块化结构、触摸式人机界面和丰富通讯接口,满足不同灌溉规模水处理需求。其相关技术产品研发与应用,能够摆脱过国外滤器厂商对控制器的垄断,将进一步促进我国自动反冲洗过滤器控制和产业化水平。     

Intensification of New Zealand beef farming systems

This study used whole-farm management, nutrient budgeting/greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and feed formulation computer tools to determine the production, environmental and financial implications of intensifying the beef production of typical New Zealand (NZ) sheep and beef farming systems. Two methods of intensification, feeding maize silage (MS) or applying nitrogen (N) fertiliser, were implemented on two farm types differing in the proportions of cultivatable land to hill land (25% vs. 75% hill). In addition, the consequences of intensification by incorporating a beef feedlot (FL) into each of the farm types were also examined.Feeding MS or applying N fertiliser substantially increased the amount of beef produced per ha. Intensifying production was also associated with increased total N leaching and GHG emissions although there were differences between the methods of intensification. Feeding MS resulted in lower environmental impacts than applying N even after taking into account the land to grow the maize for silage. Based on 2007/08 prices, typical NZ sheep and beef farms were making a financial loss and neither method of intensification increased profitability with the exception of small annual applications of N, especially to the 75% hill farm. These small annual additions of N fertiliser (<50 kg N/ha/yr applied in autumn and late winter) resulted in only small increases in annual N leaching (from 11 to 14 kg N/ha) and GHG emissions (from 3280 to 4000 kg CO₂ equivalents/ha). Limited N applications were particularly beneficial to 75% hill farms because small increases in winter carrying capacity resulted in relatively large increases in the utilisation of pasture growth during spring and summer than the 25% hill farms. Intensification by incorporating a beef feedlot reduced environmental emissions per kg of beef produced but considerably decreased profitability due to higher capital, depreciation and labour costs. The lower land-use capability farm type (75% hill) was able to intensify beef production to a proportionally greater extent than the higher land-use capability farm (25% hill) because of greater potential to increase pasture utilisation associated with a lower initial farming intensity and inherent constraints in the pattern of pasture supply.     

Deficit irrigation based on drought tolerance and root signalling in potatoes and tomatoes

Agriculture is a big consumer of fresh water in competition with other sectors of the society. Within the EU-project SAFIR new water-saving irrigation strategies were developed based on pot, semi-field and field experiments with potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), fresh tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and processing tomatoes as model plants. From the pot and semi-field experiments an ABA production model was developed for potatoes to optimize the ABA signalling; this was obtained by modelling the optimal level of soil drying for ABA production before re-irrigation in a crop growth model. The field irrigation guidelines were developed under temperate (Denmark), Mediterranean (Greece, Italy) and continental (Serbia, China) climatic conditions during summer. The field investigations on processing tomatoes were undertaken only in the Po valley (North Italy) on fine, textured soil. The investigations from several studies showed that gradual soil drying imposed by deficit irrigation (DI) or partial root zone drying irrigation (PRD) induced hydraulic and chemical signals from the root system resulting in partial stomatal closure, an increase in photosynthetic water use efficiency, and a slight reduction in top vegetative growth. Further PRD increased N-mineralization significantly beyond that from DI, causing a stay-green effect late in the growing season. In field potato and tomato experiments the water-saving irrigation strategies DI and PRD were able to save about 20-30% of the water used in fully irrigated plants. PRD increased marketable yield in potatoes significantly by 15% due to improved tuber size distribution. PRD increased antioxidant content significantly by approximately 10% in both potatoes and fresh tomatoes. Under a high temperature regime, full irrigation (FI) should be undertaken, as was clear from field observations in tomatoes. For tomatoes full irrigation should be undertaken for cooling effects when the night/day average temperature >26.5 °C or when air temperature >40 °C to avoid flower-dropping. The temperature threshold for potatoes is not clear. From three-year field drip irrigation experiments we found that under the establishment phase, both potatoes and tomatoes should be fully irrigated; however, during the later phases deficit irrigation might be applied as outlined below without causing significant yield reduction:

•

Potatoes

°

After the end of tuber initiation, DI or PRD is applied at 70% of FI. During the last 14 days of the growth period, DI or PRD is applied at 50% of FI.

•

Fresh tomatoes

°

From the moment the 1st truce is developed, DI is applied at 85-80% of FI for two weeks. In the middle period, DI or PRD is applied at 70% of FI. During the last 14 days of the growth period, DI or PRD is applied at 50% of FI.

•

Processing tomatoes

°

From transplanting to fruit setting at 4th-5th cluster, the PRD and DI threshold for re-irrigation is when the plant-available soil water content (ASWC) equals 0.7 (soil water potential, Ψ_soil = −90 kPa). During the late fruit development/ripening stage, 10% of red fruits, the threshold for re-irrigation for DI is when ASWC = 0.5 (Ψ_soil = −185 kPa) and for PRD when ASWC (dry side) = 0.4 (Ψ_{soil, dry side} = −270 kPa).

The findings during the SAFIR project might be used as a framework for implementing water-saving deficit irrigation under different local soil and climatic conditions.     

基于6LoWPAN无线传感器网络的农业环境实时监控系统

针对现有农业环境监控系统的不足,提出了一种基于6LoWPAN无线传感器网络的农业环境实时监控系统,该系统采用6LoWPAN构架实现互联网与无线传感器网络之间的点到点通信,无需特定的网关进行协议转换或者协议承载,从而实现了对农业环境的实时监测和控制,降低了能耗,缩短了延迟时间。该文从硬件结构、软件结构及节能等方面对此系统进行了详细阐述和分析,试验结果表明该系统的实用性和高效性,可应用于温室、农田、苗圃等区域。     

基于模糊神经系统与GIS的区域土壤侵蚀快速评价

土壤侵蚀调查与评价是水土保持工作的重要组成部分。该文对区域土壤侵蚀评价进行了尝试性研究,提出一种基于模糊神经系统和GIS技术的快速评价方法。研究中利用模糊神经系统技术从地面监测调查数据中提取土壤侵蚀强度的评价规则,建立能够全面、客观地反映特定区域范围内土壤侵蚀自然特征及规律的评价标准,在此基础之上结合GIS技术以实现对整个地区的快速评价。采用该方法进行湖北省土壤侵蚀普查,结果表明全省侵蚀面积约占国土总面积的30.1%。其中,鄂西南、鄂西北高山区土壤侵蚀情况最严重,鄂东南、鄂东北低山丘陵区次之,鄂北岗地中度侵蚀面积较大,而江汉平原基本无明显侵蚀。经验证评价结果与实际情况具有较好的一致性。