我国草地鼠害防治研究进展

严重的草原鼠害已成为引发草原退化、沙化、水土流失的重要因素,并威胁我国畜牧业的可持续发展、草原生物多样性保护、草原生态环境建设以及人们身体健康。防治鼠害常用的方法主要有化学防治、生物防治、不育剂应用及物理机械灭鼠。文章分析了各种防治方法的利弊,认为中草药植物源灭鼠剂在鼠害的综合治理上具有广阔的应用前景,应进一步研究并进行其产品的开发和研制。     

柑桔大实蝇防治新技术研究

本文介绍了柑桔大实蝇防治的一种新技术。该技术的关键是,在成虫羽化期于桔园及其周围杂草上喷施诱杀剂,诱杀刚羽化出土的成虫,使用药剂为自配糖醋敌百虫诱杀剂,防治效果达99.81%,新技术的防治效果显著优于常规防治技术树冠诱杀所采用的点喷和挂瓶方式的防治效果,常规树冠诱杀使用药剂分别为：果瑞特、猎蝇、诱粘,防治效果分别为61.67%、59.53%、57.47%。     

Background pollination in Pinus sylvestris seed orchards

The proportion of background pollen grains in the seed crops of two Pinus sylvestris seed orchards in Central Finland was estimated with the aid of multilocus allozyme markers. The orchards studied were more than 30 years old and in full pollen production. For the bulked seed crops of the seed orchard with southern clones the estimated average of background pollination over four years was 26%. There were statistically significant differences between years. No significant heterogeneity in the degree of background pollination between clones was found. Among single ramets there was significant heterogeneity in the estimated contamination rates, but the variation was not related to position in the orchard. For the seed orchard with northern clones the bulked seed crop was studied only for one year and the level of background pollination was found to be 33 %. These estimates are fairly high, but lower than for many other orchards. Background pollination at this level will cause losses in expected genetic gains. Part of the seeds from northern orchards will not be adapted to the intended area of use.     

Unusual External Adaptations in the Rock Hyrax

Activity in two unrelated genera of mole-rats, Tachyoryetes and Heliophobius, was studied in the field by recording the movements of animals tagged with radioactive wire. Tachyoryetes shows a single marked activity peak and only leaves its nest between 10.00 and 19.00 hour. Heliophobius shows a more dispersed and prolonged activity pattern although peak activity occurs over approximately the same period as in Tachyoryetes. Heliophobius spends over 50 of the day out of its nest, Tachyoryetes, under 25%.

These differences can be attributed to a different function of the nest in the two genera (Tachyoryetes has a multipurpose nest; Heliophobius uses its nest solely for rest), and also to the fact that Tachyoryetes has light-sensitive eyes whereas Heliophobius appears unable to appreciate light; Tachyoryetes periodically comes to the surface to forage and this exposure to light may trigger the 24-hour activity cycle.     

Pollination-induced oxidative stress in floral organs of Cymbidium pendulum (Roxb.) Sw. and Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw. (Orchidaceae): A biochemical investigation

A perusal of literature showed that a little is known about the metabolic changes related to senescence in orchid flowers. It was observed that unpollinated flowers of Cymbidium pendulum (Roxb.) Sw. remained fresh for 20 days and senesced within 8 days after pollination (DAP), while that of Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw. took 18 days when unpollinated but showed senescence in 7 DAP. A higher level of electrolyte leakage was recorded in all the floral organs of pollinated flowers in both the species. There was a concomitant increase in levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂); indicators of oxidative damage, in all the organs for both the species. Ascorbic acid, on the other hand, decreased significantly. Higher amount of electrolyte leakage, MDA and H₂O₂ content were recorded in C. pendulum as compared of the other species while the ascorbic acid, on the other hand, was observed to be decreased and this decrease was more in C. pendulum than C. aloifolium suggesting a higher oxidative damage to the floral organs in the former species than the latter. TIBA, i.e. tri-iodobenzoic acid (an auxin inhibitor; 0.25 μM) and silver nitrate (ethylene inhibitor; 0.25 μM) application to pollinated flowers partially prevented the elevation of oxidative damage and consequently senescence suggesting the involvement of these hormones in governing these changes in orchid flowers. Comparatively, AgNO₃ was more effective than TIBA in delaying senescence.     

切割花柱方式对亚百系内杂交花粉管生长和结实的影响

用常规柱头授粉和切割不同长度花柱4种授粉方式对亚百系内杂交的花粉管生长和结实情况进行了研究.结果表明:同一系内各组合亲和性存在差异,亲和性较好的组合为"金色号角×多安娜"、"普瑞头×索莱尔",次之为"多安娜×普瑞头","金色号角×普瑞头","普瑞头×多安娜"为不亲和组合;同一系内组合中,采用常规柱头授粉比切割花柱授粉得到胚的比例高,所有组合花粉管均能进入子房,而且随着切割花柱长度的增加,花粉管在花柱中及进入子房的量是依次递减的,种子数目与花粉管的生长情况呈正相关;果实膨大系数不能反映果实是否结籽;所有组合中都存在胚囊不亲和现象,形成了无胚仅有胚乳的种子.     

杜鹃花常见病虫害的发生与防治

对南京地区一些杜鹃的栽培品种和部分野生种的病虫害发生状况进行了观察,并提出了防治措施。     

丹参开花与繁育特性研究

 通过田间观察和人工授粉等方法, 对丹参( Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. ) 的开花生物学和繁育特性进行了初步研究。结果表明: 丹参为无限开花植物, 总状花序上通常有两性花近50朵, 单花花期5～7d, 从花前2 d到开花6 h花粉活力和柱头可授性都较大, 两者有效可遇期约为1.5 d, 可同花自交; 丹参自交结实和自然结实主要是通过同株异花传粉获得; 结合花粉/胚珠比、杂交指数以及繁育处理的结果认为,丹参不存在无融合生殖, 繁育类型为兼性异交, 自交亲和, 需要传粉者; 传粉媒介主要是蜂类。初步推断丹参为常异花授粉植物, 并对丹参育种中适宜采用的杂交方法及育种途径进行了探讨。     

豆芽立枯病诊断与防治试验

模拟工厂化生产豆芽工艺培育黄豆芽,对培育过程中出现的烂芽病样进行病原菌的分离、纯化及鉴定,确定病原菌为立枯丝核菌（Rhizoctonia solani）;并测定了立枯丝核菌不同菌量对绿豆芽的致病性,结果显示：不同接种量引起绿豆芽的发病时间、发病率及生物产量均存在明显差异。接种量为2块菌饼配制5 mL和2块菌饼配制10 mL的菌丝悬浮液造成严重的烂芽,第5天发病率分别达46 %和25 %。不同处理防治豆芽立枯病的试验表明：40 ℃热力消毒、1 %石灰水和1/5 000高锰酸钾均有一定的防治作用,相对防治效果分别为91.30 %、54.35 %和50.00 %。     

板栗(Castanea millissimaB1.)空苞形成因子的研究——Ⅰ.授粉受精对板栗空苞形成的影响

板栗空苞率高是其低产的重要原因之一。本研究通过人工授粉、剪除雌花柱头等试验发现:板栗不经授扮,座苞率高达68%以上;授粉受精不良不是板栗落果的主要原因,但不经授粉所结果球全为空苞。如选择亲和力强的花粉授扮,可以大大减少空苞;自花授粉者空苞率较高(平均高达18.3%),以混合花粉授粉,不仅空苞率很低(平均为0.4%),而且总苞内的果实数显著高于自花授扮。上述结果说明,授粉受精不良是板栗形成空苞的主要原因之一。