干旱灌区小麦间作玉米麦后复种绿肥的可持续性分析

[目的]针对干旱灌区传统生产模式的资源利用率和产投比低等问题,研究小麦间作玉米集成麦后复种绿肥的光能利用率、灌溉水生产力及经济效益表现,结合试区常规种植模式,评价不同种植模式的可持续性,对于干旱灌区农业生产的节本增收有重要指导意义.[方法]2018-2020年,在河西绿洲灌区设置田间定位试验,研究了不同种植模式(春小麦...     

新疆北疆地区多熟立体种植的实践及应用前景初探

北疆地区多熟立体种植试验在1.71 hm2耕地试验示范,采用春小麦-套种甜、糯玉米-复播谷子模式可增种两茬作物,667 m2产值1 639.9元,纯收益719.1元,比对照冬麦田增纯收益492.2元.这项研究展示了北疆地区多熟立体种植的广阔应用前景.     

经济植物篱和增施钾肥综合效益研究

采用能量分析的方法研究了坡耕地植物篱和施钾对土地生产力的影响,研究结果表明“经济植物篱+横坡种植”模式减少水土流失66.0%,耕地生产系统产出能提高17%,输入能总量增加50%,有机输入能增加117.6%,提高耕地光能利用率17.6%;作物系统的能量产投比提高16.1%;在作物生长中后期,提高花生叶面积指数和甘薯叶面积3.8%和10.2%。植物篱结合钾肥情况下,分别提高花生叶面积指数和甘薯叶面积6.3%和22.4%,产值增加38.3%,纯收入增加46.6%,产投比增加20.9%,劳动生产率增加20.3%。钾肥和植物篱之间存在显著正互作效应。     

华南双季超级稻产量构成模式探讨

2001年晚季和2002年早季在广州对6个超级稻品种进行比较试验,2001－2003年对5个超级稻品种在广东省东、中、西部不同生态区早季或晚季进行生产试验;通过分析考察其产量和产量构成因素,提出华南双季超级稻“优质大穗”和“优质穗粒兼顾”两种产量构成模式共4种类型。（1）早季基本型——有效穗270.0万穗·hm-2、每穗实粒170     

Effects of cropping systems under no‐till agriculture on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Argentinean Pampas

Here, we compare arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) communities and fatty acids in soils under different no‐till (NT) agricultural managements over two seasons in two consecutive years. Two NT practices with different agricultural managements were compared: crop rotation (CR) and soya bean monoculture (MC). Soils of natural grasslands (NGs) were used as a reference. Treatments were tested along a regional gradient (four geographical locations) across a 400‐km transect of the Argentinean Pampas. We identified 46 morphospecies. Several morphospecies occurred abundantly at all soils; others appeared to be restricted to specific situations. At the regional scale, CR maintained the same richness levels of AMF spores, whereas MC showed less richness, when compared with the NG. Although AMF spore density was clearly affected by cropping practices in the four locations, we could observe some changes in AMF species richness, and similar diversity under agricultural and natural soils. Fatty acid concentrations (whole‐cell, phospholipid and neutral lipid fatty acids) revealed differences between soil managements and showed similar patterns of variation in all locations. Spore density positively correlated with all soil lipids fractions. The results suggest that AMF spore communities and fatty acids in soils are suitable indicators of soil management involving different levels of crop rotation. Spore richness measured at a regional scale proved to be sensitive to different NT agricultural managements. Moreover, certain morphospecies could be good bioindicators for NT practices based on cropping systems on the Argentinean Pampas.     

绿肥与化肥配施对小麦产量和土壤肥力的影响

在甘肃河西绿洲灌区,通过田间试验研究在施氮总量不变的条件下,由绿肥代替相同含氮量的化肥对小麦产量、经济性状、土壤肥力和土壤微生物数量的影响.结果表明,第一年随着绿肥量的增加,小麦产量具有下降趋势,但绿肥收获后各处理的土壤肥力却得到显著增加；第二年随着绿肥量的增加小麦产量依次增加,以70％化肥N+30％绿肥N处理产量最高...     

菏泽市麦套棉氮磷钾肥用量研究

[目的]为摸清在中等肥力、偏碱性沙壤土条件下麦套棉氮磷钾用量。[方法]各取氮磷钾3种肥料5个施用量,采用随机区组设计,调查各处理对产量的影响。[结果]在该地力水平下,当氮225 kg/hm2、磷180 kg/hm2、钾150 kg/hm2时产量最高。[结论]该研究结果为菏泽市及相关地区麦套棉氮磷钾肥用量提供参考依据。     

农业合作经营组织结构的拓扑分析

应用拓扑学理论对公司、合作社和农户等在生产经营中的合作机制给予解释和分析,强调体现合作机制的映射要具有连续性阐述农户协会组织的构建和特点,以及农户合作社组织的拓扑结构。     

Pig slurry fertilization in a double-annual cropping forage system under sub-humid Mediterranean conditions

In areas of Southern Europe with very intensive pig production, most of the pig slurry (PS) is applied as fertilizer. However, in the European Union, no more than 170 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ can be applied in nitrate vulnerable zones (NVZs) from livestock manures. In this context, a six-year trial was conducted for a maize-triticale double-annual forage cropping rotation under rainfed conditions. Four different N rates were applied (0, 170, 250 and 330 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹), to evaluate their effect on crop yield, N uptake, unrecovered N and soil nitrate content. The corresponding PS rates were defined as zero (PS 0), low (PSL) medium (PSM) and high (PSH). The annual average dry matter (DM) yields (maize + triticale) for the PS fertilization treatments PS0, PSL, PSM and PSH were 12.6, 17.7, 20.2 and 22.0 Mg DM ha⁻¹, respectively. Maize DM yield was influenced mainly by weather conditions, and triticale DM yield was clearly influenced by initial soil NO₃⁻-N and PS fertilization rates. Unrecovered N was affected by PS fertilization rate and initial soil NO₃⁻-N content. A residual effect of the PS when applied to maize had an important effect on soil NO₃⁻-N and subsequent triticale DM yield. Moreover, total annual average unrecovered N, considering the sum of both crops (maize + triticale), were 91, 144, and 222 kg N ha⁻¹ in PSL, PSM and PSH, respectively. In order to avoid part of this unrecovered N, mainly by lixiviation of nitrates, PS fertilization in triticale should be applied as side dressing at tillering. The application of N, in the form of PS, at rates higher than the legally permitted maximum of 170 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, may result in better yields. However, high rates of PS fertilization may originate in significantly lower N use efficiency and a higher potential environmental impact in double-cropping systems, practiced in rainfed sub-humid Mediterranean conditions.