Outdoor phytoplankton continuous culture in a marine fish–phytoplankton–bivalve integrated system: combined effects of dilution rate and ambient conditions on growth rate, biomass and nutrient cycling

Natural phytoplankton populations were cultured in outdoor continuous cultures using fish-farm effluents as the source of nutrients. The dilution rate was assumed to be the integrating factor of phytoplankton growth and biomass development (flux and stock). In this context, the combined effects of (i) dilution rates of the outdoor culture and (ii) ambient conditions were tested on phytoplankton growth, biomass and cycling of the major nutrient elements (C, N and P). Experiments were carried out in outdoor polyester tanks (0.7 m deep), homogenised by gentle aeration. Si/P ratio was balanced at around 5 in the inflow in order to induce diatom domination while maintaining high N and P assimilation by phytoplankton. Nutrient cycling was assessed through analyses of the different forms of particulate and dissolved nutrients in the inflow and the outflow. Culture dilution rates determined the longevity of the culture and the assimilation efficiency of nutrients. Dissolved phosphorus was the most limiting nutrient. The optimal dilution rate was approximately 0.5 day⁻¹ at 10 °C and 1.5 day⁻¹ at 20 °C with a mean diatom biomass of 9 μM P. Under these conditions, 80% of the dissolved nutrients provided to the tanks were transformed, a production of 8 g C m⁻² day⁻¹ and an assimilation rate of 0.3 g P m⁻² day⁻¹ were recorded. Assimilation by diatoms was the major pathway of nutrient cycling. During the experiment, a bottom sediment developed progressively and this also played an important role in denitrifying the excess dissolved nitrogen in the fish-farm effluent. However, the results showed that diatom biomass can collapse and we hypothesize that this was the consequence of an increase in cellular sinking rates due to cell aggregation under nutrient or light stress. Modelling approaches are needed in future research in order to determine optimal dilution rates taking into account phytoplankton growth rates, nutrient inputs and ambient conditions (e.g. light and temperature).     

松江鲈鱼初期胚后发育阶段消化系统组织学的初步研究

实验通过对松江鲈鱼(Trachidermus fasciatus Heckel)仔鱼的消化道进行从口腔到尾部的连续切片,观察其消化道的组织学结构。结果表明:①松江鲈鱼仔鱼在出膜后1d与2d的消化道组织结构简单,肠腔部分位置堵塞,未见畅通,仔鱼靠自身的卵黄囊进行营养。②出膜3d后的松江鲈鱼仔鱼消化道畅通,可进行主动摄食。了解到这一情况,并根据其当时精确的口径大小,可为解决松江鲈鱼仔鱼开口时间与选择合适开口饵料提供理论依据。     

冷浸田双季稻品种和栽培方式比较研究

为了筛选适宜于冷浸田栽培的双季稻品种和高产栽培方式,2009年早晚两季在湖南宁乡县、永兴县和桃源县进行了大田栽培试验,结果表明:(1)双季稻产量及其构成因子品种间差异显著,3地点平均产量早稻以陆两优996最高(5.68 t/hm2),晚稻以天优华占最高(5.61 t/hm2);(2)双季稻不同栽培方式间产量差异显著,3地点平均产量均以垄厢栽培最高,早稻和晚稻分别为5.52 t/hm2和5.81 t/hm2;以传统栽培方式最低,平均产量分别为4.75 t/hm2和5.25 t/hm2。由此可见,选用适宜于冷浸田的双季稻品种,采用垄厢栽培方式有利于获得高产。     

绿肥填闲种植对旱作冬小麦农田耕层土壤物理性质的影响

[目的]探讨绿肥填闲种植对旱作冬小麦农田耕层土壤物理性质的影响,为其在黄土高原旱作农业区的推广提供科学依据。[方法]基于4 a田间定位试验,研究了夏闲期种植长武怀豆、苏丹草、怀豆/苏丹草混播以及裸地休闲(CK)对旱作冬小麦收获期农田耕层(0—20 cm)土壤容重、孔隙度、持水量和团聚体的影响。[结果]在0—10 cm土层,与CK相比,苏丹草和混播处理显著降低了土壤容重,怀豆,苏丹草和混播处理显著提高了土壤毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、饱和持水量、毛管持水量、大团聚体(>5 mm)所占比例和团聚体平均重量直径(MWD);在10—20 cm土层,苏丹草处理大团聚体所占比例和MWD均显著高于CK。土壤容重与土壤有机碳含量呈显著负相关,毛管孔隙度和团聚体平均重量与绿肥生物量呈显著正相关,而土壤总孔隙度、饱和持水量和毛管持水量与绿肥生物量和土壤有机碳均呈显著正相关。[结论]在黄土高原地区,夏闲期单播种植长武怀豆、苏丹草及混播均能显著改善耕层土壤物理性质,综合来看,苏丹草单播的效果优于长武怀豆单播和二者混播。     

生物质炭对连作参地土壤肥力及微生物特性的影响

为分析生物质炭用于老参地土壤修复的可行性,本研究采用Biolog、高通量测序等技术研究了3种生物质炭对连作参地人参品质、土壤肥力、微生物群落结构与功能多样性变化的影响。结果显示,增施不同生物质炭均有助于两年生重茬人参生物量及总皂苷含量的积累。结合生物质炭对土壤性质的影响研究结果发现,不同生物质炭对土壤有效磷、有机碳含量具有稳定的提升效果,增幅分别为47.04%~237.73%、8.09%~38.71%。增施生物质炭促进了土壤微生物的代谢活性,增加了土壤对聚合物类、酚酸类、氨基酸类、羧酸类碳源的利用效率,其中以酚酸类物质为底物的功能微生物种群数量显著增加。高通量测序结果显示,老参地土壤细菌物种数、丰度与多样性均呈下降趋势,细菌优势门类减少,单个门类优势度上升。生物质炭处理下土壤中细菌丰度与多样性增加,调控了变形菌门、厚壁菌门、疣微菌门、芽单胞菌门的优势度,使其数量变化趋势趋向于新林土。上述分析表明,重茬人参生物量和品质的提高与生物质炭提升土壤中人参生长的关键肥力指标,促进微生物代谢,调控细菌群落结构变化趋势有关。综上,生物质炭对老参地土壤表现出良好的修复、改良作用,适量增施生物质炭有利于老参地土壤质量的调节与恢复。     

广藿香种质资源及栽培技术研究进展

广藿香为多年生芳香草本或半灌木植物,是我国著名的南药之一。通常以其干燥地上部分入药,具有芳香化浊、开胃止呕、发表解暑等功效,是多种中成药的重要原料。此外,以其提取的广藿香油是世界上医药工业和轻化工业的重要原料,经济价值高,应用市场前景广阔。广藿香为热带地区引入我国栽培,种质类型单一,遗传基础狭窄,资源极为有限。由于长期的自然环境和人工栽培的影响,广藿香种质产生了一些变异和分化,目前主要分布于我国广东、广西、福建和海南等南方省（区）,按照产地将其分为牌香、肇香、湛香和南香4种。广藿香在种植过程中,存在严重的连作障碍现象,且由于田间管理粗放,其产量和品质不稳定,受品种、产地、栽培技术等多方面因素影响。近年来,随着分子生药学的发展,其主要药用成分广藿香醇和广藿香酮的内在分子调控机制相关研究开展顺利,目前关于广藿香的研究大多集中在其有效成分的药效药理、生物合成及代谢调控方面,而对种质资源及栽培技术的系统性研究不足。优良的品种和高效规范的种植技术是药材产量和质量稳定的基础,为充分利用广藿香药材资源,进一步推广广藿香规模化和产业化发展,本文主要综述了广藿香的生物学特性、种质资源研究现状、栽培技术中的瓶颈及产业发展过程中存在的问题,指出了广藿香栽培过程中养分管理技术缺乏,连作障碍问题严重,提出要加强广藿香的繁殖技术和品种选育研究,积极推进广藿香的规范化种植,以期为广藿香的产业发展和开发利用提供参考。     

The Effects of Climate Change on the Planting Boundary and Potential Yield for Different Rice Cropping Systems in Southern China

Based on climate data from 254 meteorological stations, this study estimated the effects of climate change on rice planting boundaries and potential yields in the southern China during 1951-2010. The results indicated a signiifcant northward shift and westward expansion of northern boundaries for rice planting in the southern China. Compared with the period of 1951-1980, the average temperature during rice growing season in the period of 1981-2010 increased by 0.4＆#176;C, and the northern planting boundaries for single rice cropping system （SRCS）, early triple cropping rice system （ETCRS）, medium triple cropping rice system （MTCRS）, and late triple cropping rice system （LTCRS） moved northward by 10, 30, 52 and 66 km, respectively. In addition, compared with the period of 1951-1980, the suitable planting area for SRCS was reduced by 11%during the period of 1981-2010. However, the suitable planting areas for other rice cropping systems increased, with the increasing amplitude of 3, 8, and 10%for ETCRS, MTCRS and LTCRS, respectively. In general, the light and temperature potential productivity of rice decreased by 2.5%. Without considering the change of rice cultivars, the northern planting boundaries for different rice cropping systems showed a northward shift tendency. Climate change resulted in decrease of per unit area yield for SRCS and the annual average yields of ETCRS and LTCRS. Nevertheless, the overall rice production in the entire research area showed a decreasing trend even with the increasing trend of annual average yield for MTCRS.     

水中高锰酸盐指数测定的连续流动分析法

[目的]建立水中高锰酸盐指数测定的连续流动分析法.[方法]在波长520 nm,电压220V,进样时间60s,清洗时间80s,空气0s,反应温度95℃的仪器条件下,对高锰酸盐指数标准系列进行测定,绘制标准曲线;按照同样试验步骤,计算方法检出限及平均加标回收率.[结果]建立了饮用水中高锰酸盐指数测定的连续流动分析法,方法的相关系数为0.999,最低检出浓度为0.063 mg/L,平均加标回收率为100.8％.[结论]该研究建立的方法精密度高,适用于水中高锰酸盐指数的测定.     

土壤改良剂对大棚辣椒连作土壤理化性质的影响

[目的]为了研究土壤改良剂对上海高桥地区不同连作年限土壤理化性质的影响。[方法]选取连作年限土壤为1、5和6年的3个大棚,分别测定土壤p H、电导率、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾等主要养分含量。[结果]施用土壤改良剂能够有效缓解土壤盐渍化和酸化程度,显著增加土壤有机质含量,均衡土壤营养元素,改善施用有机肥导致的元素富集现象,明显改良土壤理化性质。[结论]在上海高桥地区的农业实际生产中,施用主要成分为石灰氮、秸秆和有机质的土壤改良剂是切实可行的,能够明显改善高桥地区土壤的理化性质。