连作晚稻三化螟为害损失与防治指标研究

三化螟幼虫在晚梗稻分蘖、圆秆、孕穗、破口期均能侵入,所形成的为害株数、为害类型和幼虫存活率与生育期有密切关系,为害丛、株增长呈S型曲线。分蘖期、孕穗—破口期引起丛、株为害率和损失率与卵块密度显著相关,每个卵块损失稻谷分别为59.11±2.99g、74.58±3.31g。考种结果表明,产量损失的主要原因是有效穗减少。在现有生产条件下,三化螟经济允许卵块密度为:分蘖期130—150块/666.7m~2,孕穗—破口期100—120块/666.7m~2;防治指标:分蘖期100—110块/666.7m~2,为害团50—60个/666.7m~2,丛为害率2.0％—3.0％,株为害率1.0％—1.5％。     

外源苯丙烯酸抑制连作黄瓜生长的机制初探

模拟黄瓜根系分泌物苯丙烯酸 ,外加于已连续种植 5茬黄瓜的土壤中 ,种植黄瓜。结果表明 ,苯丙烯酸用量自 5 0mg·kg-1(土 )处理开始 ,黄瓜生长、根系脱氢酶活性、ATPase活性 ,土壤微生物活性和养分吸收均受到明显抑制 ,且随用量的增加而抑制作用增强。苯丙烯酸的自毒作用是导致连作黄瓜生长受抑的障碍因子之一     

论乡村林业──中国乡村林业经营模式及其实施措施

乡村林业从它的生产场地和生产内容上看，是当前在中国农村兴起的庭园经济林的同义语，是农村建设的“绿色致富”工程．乡村林业的实施采用立地经营模式，因地制宜，建立商品基地；大力发展产品加工业，提高经济效益；建设好社会化服务体系，推进乡村林业依靠科技进步，向前发展。     

天峻县北部地区畜牧业发展思考

天峻县北部地区因受气候干旱、鼠虫危害等因素的影响,畜牧业生产逐年下降,通过对存在问题的分析,提出了北部地区今后走退牧还草或休牧育草路子的设想。     

黄瓜连作对土壤微生物区系的影响Ⅰ——基于可培养微生物种群的数量分析

利用平板培养法对黄瓜连作根系微生物种群连续性变化进行了跟踪研究。结果表明,黄瓜连作导致土壤可培养微生物数量减少,其中细菌数量降低最为明显,对连作表现出较高的敏感性,根际根外细菌数目减幅分别在第三、四茬时达显著水平。放线菌数量对黄瓜连作反应较小,根际到第四茬减幅才达到了显著水平,而根外在连作四茬过程中均未达显著水平。黄瓜连作致使少数真菌种群富集,同时多种真菌类群数量减少,种群变化呈现单一化趋势。根际土壤微生物主要生理群分析表明,连作导致根际自生固氮菌与好气性纤维素分解菌数目明显下降,硝化细菌数量大幅增加,而氨化细菌数量变化不大。土壤酶活性测定结果表明,土壤过氧化氢酶、酸性磷酸酶活性随连作茬次增加而降低,脲酶活性稍有上升。     

不同复种方式下作物的粗蛋白和可消化干物质总产量比较

在南京对6种不同复种方式下作物的营养物质产量进行了比较研究,结果表明:多花黑麦草Lolium multiflorum粗蛋白总产量和可消化干物质总产量分别是小麦Triticum eastivum的1.45倍和1.26倍;杂交狼尾草Pennisetum americanum×P.purpureum粗蛋白总产量和可消化干物质总产量平均值分别是水稻Oryza sativa的2.06倍和1.61倍;6种复种方式中,粗蛋白总产量和可消化干物质总产量以多花黑麦草-杂交狼尾草为最高,黑麦Secale cereal-杂交狼尾草其次.集约农区发展草食性畜禽养殖业以二季均种植牧草效率较高.     

Modelling land use strategies to optimise crop production and protection of ecologically important weed species

There is a need to develop farming systems that enable both a satisfactory level of crop production and suitable environmental conditions for natural species. Wildlife‐friendly cropping techniques, such as a reduced amount of applied herbicide or a lower crop density, might be adopted in order to maintain populations of weed species of biological interest. An alternative might be to adopt an intensive cropping system in a part of the field and spare the other part as set‐aside or field margins, available for the natural development of plant species. The objective of this study was to present a method to compare two strategies for maintaining a desirable level of abundance of a given species of interest in agricultural areas, specifically (i) a strategy based on a wildlife‐friendly cropping system in a large cultivated area and (ii) a strategy based on a more intensive cropping system in a reduced area of cultivation, i.e. with land‐sparing. The principle is to calculate the ratio of crop production obtained with strategy (i) to the production obtained with strategy (ii) for a given target density of natural species. We show that the value of this ratio, and thus the relative performance of the two strategies, depends on the density of the weed species that can be maintained in an uncultivated ecological area. The method is applied in case studies of two plant species with contrasting ecology and conservation goals. The numerical results show that the strategy based on a wildlife‐friendly cropping system is more profitable in most situations.     

Management of nematodes and a stalk borer by increasing within-field sugarcane cultivar diversity

The aim of this study was to determine whether an increase in plant diversity could modify the structure of the nematode community in favour of less pathogenic species and whether it affected the lepidopteran stalk borer, Eldana saccharina . Four sugarcane cultivars were planted either singly or as a mixture in the furrow. Nematodes were enumerated when the crops were 6 months old for five successive 10 to 13 month old crop cycles. Results showed that the mixture of cultivars had little significant impact on the overall abundance of the plant-parasitic or free-living nematodes. However, the nematode community structure within the mixture was slightly different to that observed on any single cultivar planted on its own and there was a higher than expected proportion of Helicotylenchus dihystera during the first three crops. With successive crops and in all treatments, there was an overall trend of increasing proportions of Meloidogyne javanica in the nematode community. However, the way that the change in the species-balance occurred in the mixed cultivar plots suggested a resistance to the evolving dominance of M. javanica . These results showed that sugarcane cultivars interacted within the rhizosphere when planted in a mixture because the observed nematode community in the mixture differed from that expected. The level of damage caused by E. saccharina was slightly lower in the mixture than expected from the actual cultivar composition.     

Reduced inter-row distance improves yield and competition against weeds in a semi-dwarf durum wheat variety

Weed and nutrient management in cropping systems of semi-arid areas is a major constraint to cereal yield. Where the use of herbicides is banned or discouraged, the competitive ability of a crop is crucial to reduce weed growth and diffusion. Genotypic differences in the competitive abilities of crops are an important trait to reduce weeds, especially for plant height. However, there is contrasting information about the interactions of other management practices and genotypic traits on wheat yield and competitive ability against weeds and weed growth. The present study investigated yield and quality of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) and weed growth and composition for two wheat cultivars with contrasting competitive abilities against weeds. Wheat was grown under three spatial arrangements (5-cm, 15-cm, 25-cm inter-row distance) and three sowing densities, and broadleaf weeds were either removed or not. The sowing rate did not affect the yield of these wheat cultivars or the weed growth. Reduced inter-row distance dramatically reduced weed biomass for both wheat cultivars, and increased wheat yield and nitrogen uptake in the low-competitive, high-yielding, semi-dwarf cv. ‘PR22D89’, when both weed free and with weeds. These results have direct implications for weed and nutrient management in low-input and organic cropping systems.     

宁波市连作晚稻机插技术研究

为了研究多项技术改进措施对宁波市机插晚稻增产的整合效应并分析增产原因,对现行机插技术与原机插技术进行了研究对比。现行技术使绿叶数和发根力等秧苗素质及经济性状得到了显著提升,产量达501.79kg/667m2,比原技术高17.48%。