燃油温度和喷射压力对葵花籽油与柴油喷雾特性的影响

为探究纯植物油作为压燃内燃机替代燃料的雾化问题,利用纹影法对葵花籽纯植物油和普通柴油在不同试验条件下的喷雾特性进行了对比研究,分析了燃油温度和喷射压力对2种燃料喷雾贯穿距、喷雾锥角和空气卷吸作用的影响。研究结果表明:葵花籽油的喷雾贯穿距和喷雾锥角均随着喷射压力和燃油温度的升高而增大,与柴油的变化规律相似。温度从60℃升高到90℃,喷油压力为60 MPa时喷雾贯穿距和喷雾锥角的平均增幅分别为12.4%和9.6%,120 MPa时分别为5%和4.14%;喷油压力从60 MPa升高到120 MPa,温度为60℃时喷雾贯穿距和喷雾锥角的平均增幅分别为39.7%和16.7%,90℃时分别为30.6%和10.9%;当喷射压力、背景压力和燃油温度相同时,葵花籽油比柴油具有更大的贯穿距和更小的喷雾锥角,且喷雾贯穿距平均增幅为22.5%,喷雾锥角平均降幅为60.3%;升高燃油温度和升高喷射压力都会增强雾注的空气卷吸作用,但葵花籽油的空气卷吸作用要明显弱于普通柴油。研究结果可为纯植物油作为内燃机替代燃料的可行性研究提供参考。     

食用向日葵产量性状的遗传研究

以食葵不育系17-A26为母本、恢复系17-C19为父本,构建P₁、P₂、F₁、F₂、B₁和B₂ 6个世代群体,研究了产量相关性状盘径、单株总粒数、结实率、百粒重、粒长和粒宽的后代变异及遗传率。结果表明,6个性状均为数量性状,变异幅度排序为单株总粒数>粒长>盘径>结实率>百粒重>粒宽,狭义遗传率排序为百粒重>粒长>单株总粒数>粒宽>盘径>结实率。根据遗传进度结果,百粒重、粒长、单株总粒数和粒宽宜早代根据表型选择,盘径宜晚代选择,结实率宜晚代结合多环境联合选择。     

Shoot cadmium concentration of soil‐grown plants as related to their root properties

Cadmium (Cd) is toxic to plants, animals, and humans. However, different plant species growing on the same soil may have very different shoot Cd concentrations depending on properties such as size of the root system, Cd net influx, shoot‐growth rate, Cd translocation from root to shoot, and the ability to affect Cd availability in the soil. To investigate possible reasons for different shoot Cd concentrations maize, sunflower, flax, and spinach were grown on an acid sandy soil (pH<$>_{{\rm{(CaCl}}_{\rm{2}} {\rm)}<$> 4.5, and C_org 2.8%) in a growth chamber with Cd additions as Cd(NO₃)₂ of none, 14, and 40 μmol (kg soil)^–1 resulting in Cd soil‐solution concentrations of 0.04, 0.68, and 2.5 μM. Only the high Cd addition caused a significant growth reduction of flax and spinach. The shoot Cd concentration was up to 30 times higher in spinach than in maize; the other species were intermediate. Of the plant properties studied only the variation of the Cd net influx explained the differences in shoot Cd concentrations. This was due to a decreased (maize, sunflower) or increased (flax) Cd concentration in soil solution or more effective uptake kinetics (spinach).     

油葵杂交种春播产比试验及适宜播期的确定

通过油葵产比、播期试验结果分析，新葵6号256.67kg/667m^2，较对照种G101增产11.82%，居参试种首位，同时提出春播种植油葵应选择生育期较长的品种，播期以3月25日至4月5日为宜，适播人播种越早越好。     

田间向日葵品种籽粒锈斑发生程度比较

向日葵籽粒锈斑病又称“水锈病”,是近几年向日葵生产上出现的一种新病害,严重影响向日葵籽的商品性,制约着产业的发展。本研究在向日葵籽粒锈斑发生严重的内蒙古巴彦淖尔市乌拉特前旗先锋镇和五原县新公中镇试验点调查取样,评价了44份向日葵品种（39份食葵品种与5份油葵品种）的籽粒锈斑抗性,结果表明：乌拉特前旗试验点供试食葵品种中,只有赛瑞1号单盘平均籽粒锈斑率低于25%;另外共有6份品种（包括JK103、LJ188和LD5009等）,单盘平均籽粒锈斑率介于25%~50%之间;其余品种的单盘平均籽粒锈斑率都在50%以上。就严重度而言,共有20份品种籽粒锈斑的严重度鉴定为1级,但是其平均籽粒锈斑率却介于17.30%~88.63%之间;其余品种的严重度均为2级以上。五原试验点的调查结果表明,供试向日葵品种的单盘平均籽粒锈斑率介于61.02%~99.63%之间,均显著高于乌拉特前旗试验点相同品种的调查结果;但是就严重度而言,只有10份品种籽粒锈斑的严重度为1级,以3638C为代表。而供试的5份油葵品种中,除了XKS2029外,其余4份品种的单盘平均籽粒锈斑率均低于25%。同时,不同播种时间下同一品种的籽粒锈斑发生程度也呈现出明显的差异,如SH361品种单盘平均籽粒锈斑率从5月27日播种的34.49%上升到6月20日的98.47%;相应的严重度也从1级上升到4级,说明播期不同对籽粒锈斑发生程度也有明显的影响。     

向日葵副产物的营养特性及在反刍动物中的应用

饲料资源缺乏一直以来都是制约中国畜牧业发展的主要因素。从长远看,常规饲料已不能维持中国畜牧业的可持续发展,开发新的饲料资源是解决饲料不足的重要途径之一。向日葵副产物营养价值较高、来源广、价格低,是一种非常具有开发价值的新型饲料。向日葵副产物包括向日葵饼粕、向日葵盘、向日葵秸秆及葵花籽壳：向日葵饼粕蛋白质含量高、纤维含量低,是一种优质的植物蛋白来源,可以提高奶牛乳汁的营养价值、促进肉牛生长、提高羊的瘤胃发酵效果;向日葵盘粗脂肪含量高,含有大量的膳食纤维,可以提高奶牛的产奶量和乳脂率,促进肉牛增重,提高羊瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸浓度以及粗蛋白质、粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维的消化率;向日葵秸秆富含氮、磷、钾、钙、镁等矿物质元素以及少量的蛋白质,可以为肉牛提供一些常量元素和微量元素,提高羊的日增重,降低料重比;葵花籽壳的主要成分是纤维素和木质素,含有丰富的生物活性物质,可以提高奶牛日增重、肉牛饲料转化率。作者具体介绍了向日葵副产物饼粕、葵盘、秸秆、葵花籽壳的营养价值,以及目前它们在反刍动物饲料中的应用情况,以期为今后向日葵副产物的开发利用提供理论依据。     

三亚地区切花向日葵产业化的发展前景

简述三亚地区切花向日葵生产状况和目前生产中存在的问题,并对其发展前景进行探讨。     

Growth and economic analysis of freshwater prawn,Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man), produced with feeds substituting sunflower cake for fish meal,soya bean meal and mustard oil cake

A feeding trial with Macrobrachium rosenbergii was carried out to test the effectiveness of sunflower cake (SFC) as a replacement for conventional protein sources. Four isonitrogenous (~30% crude protein) and isocaloric (388–402 kcal) diets were formulated. Diet‐1 was a control made with conventional ingredients including fish meal, soya bean meal and mustard oil cake. Diet‐2, Diet‐3 and Diet‐4 were made with 30%, 40% and 50% SFC, respectively, replacing the usual protein sources used in Diet‐1. After 100 days, diets with SFC inclusion showed favourable growth and economic performance trends compared to control diet‐1, but without significant differences (p > .05). Better production (572.89 ± 62.99 kg/ha) was observed with Diet‐4 followed by Diet‐2, Diet‐3 and Diet‐1. Diet‐4 revealed the best feed conversion ratio (2.56 ± 0.24), specific growth rate (1.18 ± 0.05) and protein efficiency ratio (1.14 ± 0.10) among these diets. Whole carcass composition analysis revealed highest crude protein (18.19%) and lipid (4.43%) content in prawns fed Diet‐3 followed by Diet‐4. Highest total income, gross margin and benefit cost ratio (BCR) per hectare from prawns were US$5,759, US$2,623 and 1.84, respectively, found in Diet‐4. This study demonstrates that 30%–50% inclusion of SFC has favourable impacts on productivity and profitability compared with controls, with 50% SFC inclusion as the most cost‐effective diet for prawns without apparent compromise in growth, flesh quality or economics. The performances of the diets suggest that SFC may be a suitable substitute for fishmeal, soya bean meal and mustard oil cake in prawn feed. The effectiveness of higher SFC concentrations should also be investigated.     

食葵新品种AR7-7376选育及栽培技术要点

介绍了食用向日葵新品种AR7-7376的选育经过、产量表现、特征特性以及栽培技术要点,为食葵提质增效及提升国际市场竞争力提供技术支撑。