Association of Obesity with Serum Leptin,Adiponectin, and Serotonin and Gut Microflora in Beagle Dogs

Background

Serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine, 5HT) is involved in hypothalamic regulation of energy consumption. Also, the gut microbiome can influence neuronal signaling to the brain through vagal afferent neurons. Therefore, serotonin concentrations in the central nervous system and the composition of the microbiota can be related to obesity.

Objective

To examine adipokine, and, serotonin concentrations, and the gut microbiota in lean dogs and dogs with experimentally induced obesity.

Animals

Fourteen healthy Beagle dogs were used in this study.

Methods

Seven Beagle dogs in the obese group were fed commercial food ad libitum, over a period of 6 months to increase their weight and seven Beagle dogs in lean group were fed a restricted amount of the same diet to maintain optimal body condition over a period of 6 months. Peripheral leptin, adiponectin, 5HT, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF‐5HT) levels were measured by ELISA. Fecal samples were collected in lean and obese groups 6 months after obesity was induced. Targeted pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was performed using a Genome Sequencer FLX plus system.

Results

Leptin concentrations were higher in the obese group (1.98 ± 1.00) compared to those of the lean group (1.12 ± 0.07, P = .025). Adiponectin and 5‐hydroytryptamine of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF‐5HT) concentrations were higher in the lean group (27.1 ± 7.28) than in the obese group (14.4 ± 5.40, P = .018). Analysis of the microbiome revealed that the diversity of the microbial community was lower in the obese group. Microbes from the phylum Firmicutes (85%) were predominant group in the gut microbiota of lean dogs. However, bacteria from the phylum Proteobacteria (76%) were the predominant group in the gut microbiota of dogs in the obese group.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Decreased 5HT levels in obese group might increase the risk of obesity because of increased appetite. Microflora enriched with gram‐negative might be related with chronic inflammation status in obese dogs.     

内蒙古荒漠草原优势牧草营养价值评价

通过测定内蒙古荒漠草原26种优势牧草的常规养分含量、纤维组成、两极离体消化率,分析了不同牧草对放牧内蒙古白绒山羊的营养价值,同时应用随意采食量、静能估测模型计算了荒漠草原优势牧草的分级指数（GI值）,对牧草进行了综合评价。结果表明：（1）用营养成分和消化率指标评定,紫花苜蓿和五星蒿的营养价值最高,其次为中间锦鸡儿、圆头藜,最次为驼绒藜;（2）紫花苜蓿、五星蒿、中间锦鸡儿、圆头藜、碱蓬、全叶马兰、蒺藜草、沙打旺、阿尔泰狗娃花9种牧草GI值较高,牛枝子、甘草、猪毛蒿、松叶猪毛菜、软毛虫实、小针茅居中,灰绿藜、冷蒿、中亚狼尾草、针茅、无芒隐子草、西藏锦鸡儿、驼绒藜、黑沙蒿、刺叶柄棘豆、芨芨草、差巴嘎蒿11种牧草的GI值较低。     

日粮和管理对东北虎血液指标及免疫功能的影响

从营养和管理方式均不同的两组东北虎群中各选5只体型适中的成年雄性东北虎作为研究对象，其中笼养组以纯肉为日粮，散养组以混合饲料为日粮。麻醉后采集静脉血，测定血液中各项生理生化指标，外周血淋巴细胞增殖性反应，以及血清中白细胞介素-2（IL-2）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）和肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）的含量。结果：散养组外周血淋巴细胞增殖性反应显著高于笼养组（P〈0．05）；血清尿素、肌酐、淀粉酶、谷丙转氦酶、谷草转氦酶等指标在两组间差异显著（P〈0．05）：全血红细胞计数、白细胞计数、血红蛋白含量、血清蛋白、甘油三酯、总胆固醇等指标组间差异不显著（P〉0．05）。结果显示：营养和管理方式对东北虎某些血液指标产生影响，混合日粮和散养方式更有利于维持东北虎的正常免疫机能和健康。     

刈割对羊草草原生长性能的影响

研究刈割强度对羊草草原生长性能的影响。结果表明:随着刈割强度的增大,地上现存量呈连续下降趋势,群落和羊草变化趋势相同;处理间生长量和生长速率均呈单峰型变化;生长速率对留茬高度的响应为二次曲线形式;相对生长速率在处理间差异不显著;本文参照生长速率的二次曲线形式,以留茬15 cm(D 1)作为刈割强度的参数。     

乡土物种补播对青藏高原高寒草甸群落稳定性的影响

为了探究高寒草甸天然草地补播乡土物种对草地群落稳定性的影响,本试验以垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)、异针茅(Stipa aliena)、中华羊茅(Festuca sinensis)、溚草(Koeleria cristata)、星星草(Puccinellia tenuiflora)、扁蓿豆(Melissitus...     

不同乳酸菌组合对苜蓿青贮细菌群落结构的影响

为探讨不同乳酸菌互作对苜蓿(Medicago sativa)青贮细菌群落结构的影响,以2种植物乳杆菌、乳酸片球菌、戊糖片球菌及凝结芽孢杆菌形成的6种乳酸菌组合按1.5 mL·kg-1的添加量制作苜蓿青贮,以等量蒸馏水替代添加剂作为对照,45 d后运用高通量测序分析细菌群落结构.结果表明,各苜蓿青贮的优势乳酸菌群均为厚壁...     

The Relationship Between Body Weight,Body Condition,and Survival in Cats with Heart Failure

Background: Obese people with heart failure have improved survival compared with their normal or underweight counterparts. The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a relationship between body weight or body condition and survival in cats with heart failure. Hypothesis: Body weight and body condition score (BCS) are predictors of survival in cats with heart failure. Animals: One‐hundred and one cats with heart failure (International Small Animal Cardiac Health Council Classes II, IIIa, or IIIb) evaluated between March 2007 and June 2009. Methods: Data regarding initial body weight and BCS, subsequent changes in body weight, and treatment were collected from records and compared with survival times. Results: Median initial body weight was 5.1 kg (range, 2.2–9.5 kg). Median BCS was 5 (range, 3–9). Of the 68 cats that were discharged from the hospital, median body weight change was 0.0 kg (range, ?2.6 to +2.3 kg). Survival time for all 101 cats was 93 days (0–811 days). Survival could be predicted using a model combining initial body weight (P= .02), body weight squared (P= .02), and survival to discharge (P < .001) with a resulting global P value for this model of P < .0001. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Cats with the lowest and highest body weights had reduced survival times compared with those with body weights in the intermediate ranges, suggesting a U‐shaped relationship between body weight and survival. Additional research into the effects of body composition could help to determine optimal management of cats with heart failure.     

河南草坪主要病虫草害群落研究

对河南省草坪病虫草害进行了系统的研究,摸清了全省草坪常见的病虫草害种类,计有病害8种,害虫107种,害虫天敌21种,杂草59种.同时,对各种草坪昆虫和杂草按生态功能或自然系统或草坪种类进行了分门别类,并根据病虫草的发生数量和对草坪的为害程度,从群落的角度确定了白三叶草坪、高羊茅草坪、酢浆草草坪等四种草坪上害虫和杂草的优势种,为草坪病虫草害在群落水平上进行综合治理提供了重要的基础和依据.     

微生物发酵对油菜秸秆营养品质的影响

为探讨微生物菌种对秸秆pH值和营养成分的影响,对处理过的油菜秸秆进行微生物发酵试验。结果表明：与对照组相比,用粉态菌种和液态菌种处理的秸秆pH值降低,粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量提高,粗纤维含量减少,效果明显;试验组之间相比,用粉态菌种处理的秸秆在pH值、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维的变化方面均优于用液菌处理的效果。     

秸秆还田与施肥方式对稻麦轮作土壤细菌和真菌群落结构与多样性的影响

为探索秸秆还田与施肥方式2种农田措施对水稻-小麦(稻麦)轮作土壤微生物群落的影响,阐释其对土壤细菌和真菌群落结构和多样性的影响机制,本研究通过7年稻麦轮作长期定位监测试验,设置无肥空白(CK)、常规施肥(RT)、秸秆还田+常规施肥(RS)和秸秆还田+缓释肥(SS) 4个处理,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术,分析土壤细菌和真菌群落结构和多样性,探索影响微生物群落的主控环境因子。结果表明, SS作物产量在2016年和2017年分别比RT显著提高11.6%和8.2%(水稻)、4.8%和3.6%(小麦),与RS无显著差异。相比RT,秸秆还田处理显著降低了土壤pH,提升了土壤有机碳和铵态氮含量;与RS相比,SS处理提高了铵态氮含量。秸秆还田处理提升了真菌群落多样性,但对细菌群落多样性无显著影响。SS与RS在细菌真菌群落多样性方面均无显著差异。相关性分析表明,细菌群落多样性与土壤pH呈负相关,与总氮含量呈正相关;真菌群落多样性则与土壤有机碳含量显著正相关。NMDS分析表明,施肥对于细菌群落结构影响较大(55.61%),真菌群落结构则对秸秆还田响应更明显(26.94%)。与RT相比,秸秆还田显著提升了细菌放线菌门、绿弯菌门、厚壁菌门的相对丰度,同时显著提升了真菌中子囊菌门的相对丰度,降低了担子菌门和接合菌门的相对丰度,加强了土壤碳氮循环能力并抑制了病原菌。SS与RS相比,仅提升了真菌中子囊菌门的相对丰度。综上,秸秆还田配施缓释肥有助于维持或者提高土壤养分有效性、作物产量及细菌真菌群落多样性,可以促进土壤碳氮循环。