Association of Obesity with Serum Leptin,Adiponectin, and Serotonin and Gut Microflora in Beagle Dogs

Background

Serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine, 5HT) is involved in hypothalamic regulation of energy consumption. Also, the gut microbiome can influence neuronal signaling to the brain through vagal afferent neurons. Therefore, serotonin concentrations in the central nervous system and the composition of the microbiota can be related to obesity.

Objective

To examine adipokine, and, serotonin concentrations, and the gut microbiota in lean dogs and dogs with experimentally induced obesity.

Animals

Fourteen healthy Beagle dogs were used in this study.

Methods

Seven Beagle dogs in the obese group were fed commercial food ad libitum, over a period of 6 months to increase their weight and seven Beagle dogs in lean group were fed a restricted amount of the same diet to maintain optimal body condition over a period of 6 months. Peripheral leptin, adiponectin, 5HT, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF‐5HT) levels were measured by ELISA. Fecal samples were collected in lean and obese groups 6 months after obesity was induced. Targeted pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was performed using a Genome Sequencer FLX plus system.

Results

Leptin concentrations were higher in the obese group (1.98 ± 1.00) compared to those of the lean group (1.12 ± 0.07, P = .025). Adiponectin and 5‐hydroytryptamine of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF‐5HT) concentrations were higher in the lean group (27.1 ± 7.28) than in the obese group (14.4 ± 5.40, P = .018). Analysis of the microbiome revealed that the diversity of the microbial community was lower in the obese group. Microbes from the phylum Firmicutes (85%) were predominant group in the gut microbiota of lean dogs. However, bacteria from the phylum Proteobacteria (76%) were the predominant group in the gut microbiota of dogs in the obese group.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Decreased 5HT levels in obese group might increase the risk of obesity because of increased appetite. Microflora enriched with gram‐negative might be related with chronic inflammation status in obese dogs.     

不同干燥方法对苜蓿干草调制的影响

针对影响人工干燥苜蓿的水分、密度、摆放方式和人工辅助干燥方式4个因素进行人工鼓风干燥处理,设计L9(34)正交试验,监测高水分苜蓿草捆的湿度变化情况,比较不同处理营养物质、相对饲用价值和经济指标.对比分析结果可知:自然晾晒苜蓿干草时,营养物质损失严重;苜蓿高水分打捆后人工继续鼓风干燥处理有利于保存苜蓿干草的营养价值,其中水分为30％～35％、密度为120kg/m3、间隔20cm摆放、两台鼓风机每日鼓风干燥3h为最优组合,所得苜蓿草捆的品质较好.     

四川盆地丘陵区主要森林群落结构特征研究

本文对四川盆地丘陵区主要森林群落--人工柏木纯林、次生栎柏混交林和桤柏混交林的群落结构特征进行了研究.结果表明：在群落的物种组成、生活型、层片结构以及Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Simpson生态优势度指数表征的群落综合特征上,次生混交林与人工林具有很大差异.人工柏木纯林物种数量少,乔、灌、草层的物种多样性和均匀度较低,生态优势度较高;次生栎柏混交林和桤柏混交林物种数量较多,乔、灌、草层有较高的物种多样性和均匀度,较低的生态优势度.     

陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区苔藓内生细菌群落多样性分析

以延安市当地藓结皮中的土著优势种土生对齿藓(Didymodon vinealis)、反扭藓(Timmiella anomala)和青藓(Brachythecium albicans)为研究对象,分析3种苔藓植株内生细菌的群落组成和多样性,揭示3种不同品种的苔藓植株内生细菌的群落结构及多样性差异。采用高通量测序技术分析3种苔藓植株内生细菌16S rRNA基因V3~V4 变异区序列,使用生物信息学方法分析3种苔藓内生细菌的群落结构及多样性。结果表明：土生对齿藓、反扭藓、青藓3种苔藓测序共获得178 173条有效序列,在97%一致性下共产生705个有效的OTUs。在门、纲和属水平上,土生对齿藓的优势类群分别是蓝藻细菌门(Cyanobacteria,57.91%)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria,41.00%),γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria,35.02%)、α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria,5.92%)和假单胞细菌属(Pseudomonas,24.92%)、(Massilia,6.26%);反扭藓分别为蓝藻细菌门(Cyanobacteria,40.05%)、变形菌门( Proteobacteria,40.88%),α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria,30.87%)和(Phytohabitans,4.10%)、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas,3.93%);青藓分别是蓝藻细菌门(Cyanobacteria,80.49%)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria,15.26%),γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria,7.66%)、α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria,7.45%)和假单胞细菌属(Pseudomonas,6.46%)。Alpha多样性和Beta多样性分析表明,反扭藓的Chao1指数(370.667)和Shannon指数(5.368)最大,基于韦恩图分析3种苔藓存在87个共有OTUs,土生对齿藓、反扭藓和青藓独有OTUs分别为7、175和13,说明3种苔藓不仅有较高的细菌多样性,还存在一定的差异。典范对应分析(Canonical Correlation Analysis, CCA)结果表明,土壤中有效氮(AN)和有机质(OM)的含量是影响3种苔藓内生细菌的群落多样性变化的主要因素。3个不同品种的苔藓的内生细菌种类丰富,群落结构组成和丰度均存在较大的差异,且苔藓所生长的微环境如有效氮和有机质的含量会对其内生细菌群落结构和多样性有较大影响。本研究可为苔藓内生细菌菌种资源的开发和生产应用提供理论支持。     

烟威近岸海域鱼类早期资源群落结构及适宜产卵生境

烟威近岸海域是历史上重要的鲐(Scomber japonicus)产卵场之一,或囿于对其“过路渔场”的认知,近年来对该海域鱼类产卵场的研究相对较少。为了解烟威近岸海域鱼类产卵场现状,于2020年4—9月对该海域开展逐月产卵场调查,基于鱼卵、仔稚鱼及环境数据,运用空间插值、聚类分析、非度量多维标度排序、相似性分析和冗余分析(RDA)等方法对该海域鱼类早期资源时空分布、群落结构月度更替及主要种类适宜产卵生境进行了综合分析。结果显示,2020年4—9月于烟威近岸海域采集到鱼类早期资源种类52种,包括33种鱼类的337 038粒鱼卵和28种鱼类的2122尾仔稚鱼;5—6月为主要产卵期,共有21种鱼卵出现,鱼卵数量占全年鱼卵总数的98.32%,主要产卵场位于烟台套子湾至威海鸡鸣岛北部海域,主要产卵种类为鳀(Engraulis japonicus)、鲐、蓝点马鲛(Scomberomorus niphonius)、高眼鲽(Cleisthenes herzensteini)、黄条 (Seriola lalandi)、绯 (Callionymus beniteguri)、少鳞 (Sillago japonica)、黑鲷(Acanthopagrus schlegelii)、短吻红舌鳎(Cynoglossus joyneri)、长蛇鲻(Saurida elongata)等;烟威近岸海域鱼卵与仔稚鱼群落结构年内变化明显,除产卵末期(8—9月)外,各月间种类更替率不低于50%,鱼卵与仔稚鱼群落月间平均相异性不低于73%;海表温度(SST)、海底温度(SBT)、海表盐度(SSS)和深度(DEP)是显著影响4—9月主要鱼种产卵选择的环境因子。研究表明,烟威近岸海域为黄渤海规模较大的鱼类产卵场之一,需在鱼类早期生活史研究与产卵场养护策略制定时得到足够重视。     

A Randomized Study Assessing the Effect of Diet in Cats with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Background

Diet might influence progression of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM).

Objective

To investigate whether diet composition could alter clinical, biochemical, or echocardiographic variables in cats with HCM.

Animals

Twenty‐nine cats with HCM (International Small Animal Cardiac Health Council stage 1b) examined at a university teaching hospital.

Methods

Randomized, placebo‐controlled trial. After physical examination, echocardiogram, and blood collection, cats were randomized to 1 of 3 diets, which varied in carbohydrate and fat content and ingredients. Measurements were repeated after 6 months.

Results

There were no significant differences among the 3 groups at baseline. After 6 months, there were no significant changes in the primary endpoints, left ventricular free wall (Group A, P = .760; Group B, P = .475; Group C, P = .066) or interventricular septal thickness in diastole (Group A, P = .528; Group B, P = .221; Group C, P = .097). Group A had significant increases in BUN (P = .008) and cholesterol (P = .021), while Group B had significant increases in BUN (P = .008), cholesterol (P = .007), and triglycerides (P = .005), and significant decreases in NT‐proBNP (P = .013) and hs‐troponin I (P = .043). Group C had significant decreases in body weight (P = .021), left atrial dimension (P = .035), interventricular septal thickness in systole (P = .038), and liver enzymes (P = .034–.038).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

These data suggest that diet might influence some clinical, biochemical, and echocardiographic variables in cats with HCM.     

合肥市董铺水库及临近区域鸟类多样性研究

2012年12月-2013年11月,采用样线调查和样点观察相结合的方法对合肥市董铺水库及其临近区域不同生境的鸟类资源进行了调查。共记录到鸟类14目31科87种,其中国家Ⅱ级保护鸟类1种、安徽省地方重点保护鸟类25种;古北界鸟类45种（占51.7%）,东洋种25种（占28.7%）,广布种17种（占19.5%）;留鸟33种（占37.9%）,夏候鸟19种（占21.8%）,冬候鸟21种（占24.1%）,旅鸟14种（占16.1%）鸟类群落多样性指数最大生境为水库周围灌丛、树林;而指数最小者为大面积水域。     

黄绵土营养诊断与双低油菜平衡施肥研究

采用温室盆栽与田间试验研究甘肃省高寒阴湿区黄绵土养分状况。结果表明,盆栽诊断黄绵土缺N、P、S和Zn,未表现缺B、Cu和Mn,Fe和Mo元素充足,N、P肥为大田该黄绵土种植油菜的主要限制因子,其次为S、B和Zn,土壤中不缺K,OPT中氮量适中。与OPT相比,减N、P、S、B和Zn油菜分别减产24.5%、27.1%、13.5%、16.8%和8.8%,而增加N用量则产量降低12.2%。推荐施肥N、P2O5、S、B、Zn分别为90、90、105、3.75、3.75kg·hm-2。盆栽诊断与大田平衡施肥间有很好的相关性,可用来指导大田试验。     

社区支持农业（CSA）——推动城乡一体化发展的绿色之路

社区支持农业（Community Supported Agriculture,以下简称：CSA）是一种新型的农业生产及销售模式,农业生产者与消费者之间达成合作关系,由消费者提前支付农业生产费用或参与农业生产劳动,农户则保证定期向消费者提供安全的农产品,双方之间“利益共享,风险共担”.CSA提侣有机生产,侣导互助合作,具有良好的经济、生态和社会效益.当今我国正处于城市化高速发展阶段,城乡二元结构带来的城乡发展不平衡,城市扩张带来的耕地减少、生态破坏、农民失地,产业化生产带来的食品安全、小农生产生存空间被压缩等问题引起了社会的广泛关注.如何在城市化高速发展的同时,处理好“三农”发展问题,最终实现城乡发展的一体化和可持续？对于该问题,CSA模式不失为一种有益的探索.本文主要分三个部分来进行相关问题的探讨,即：CSA的概念,当前我国城乡发展中出现的问题,以及CSA模式在城乡发展中的作用.     

Effect of (n-3) PUFA and vitamin A Artemia enrichment on pigmentation success of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L).

Emulsions with different content of (n-3) PUFA and vitamin A were used to enrich Artemia and examine the effect of these nutrients on pigmentation success in turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.). The best pigmentation rates were obtained using an overdose of vitamin A (500 000 IU L^?1), but coincided with a high incidence of skeletal deformations. Higher growth and pigmentation rates were achieved by increasing the quantity of (n-3) PUFA oil in the emulsion. The use of (n-3) PUFA-deficient diet caused the highest occurrence of albinism as well as a cessation of metamorphosis.