基于微信的村镇社区管理系统的设计与实现

针对当前我国村镇社区发展出现的管理不便问题,通过对北京市房山区良乡镇的调研,以村镇社区管理需求为出发点,设计和实现了基于微信的村镇社区信息化管理系统。该系统包括社区政务、社区居民、综合文化、教育培训、小康住宅5个管理模块及1个前台展示交互模式,通过网站和微信公众平台来进行系统实现。     

不同施氮量对钵苗机插水稻产量形成及氮素利用率的影响

[目的]寻求钵苗机插水稻的适宜施氮量,以期为当地钵苗机插水稻的合理施氮提供理论依据,促进钵苗机插技术的推广与应用。[方法]在统一钵苗机插条件下,以常规粳稻武运粳24和籼粳杂交稻甬优2640为试验材料,设置6个不同的氮肥水平N0(0)、N1(187.5kg/hm~2)、N2(225.0 kg/hm~2)、N3(262.5 kg/hm~2)、N4(300.0 kg/hm~2)、N5(337.5 kg/hm~2),研究不同施氮量对2个水稻品种产量形成及氮素利用率的影响。[结果]2个品种产量随氮肥水平的提高均呈先增后减的趋势,在N4水平下最高;移栽至拔节与拔节至抽穗阶段的干物质积累量均随氮肥水平的提高而增加,而抽穗至成熟阶段干物质积累量呈先增后减的趋势,其中N4处理最大;2个品种的氮素吸收利用率均随施氮量的增加呈先增后减的趋势,其中常规稻品种在N4水平下吸收利用率最高,杂交稻品种在N3水平下最高。[结论]在氮肥用量为300.0 kg/hm~2时,2种钵苗机插水稻各项群体指标较优,干物质积累多,有效穗数足,产量较高,氮素吸收利用率较大。     

寒温带兴安落叶松林不同林型土壤微生物群落特征

为了研究不同林型兴安落叶松林土壤微生物生物量和群落结构特征,探讨土壤微生物生物量、群落结构的分布规律以及影响因子,选择了4个典型兴安落叶松林,即藓类兴安落叶松林、杜香兴安落叶松林、草类兴安落叶松林和杜鹃兴安落叶松林,采用磷脂脂肪酸生物标记法分析4个林型的土壤微生物量和群落组成。结果表明:4个林型中共检测出10种类型51种不完全分布的磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)生物标记,微生物量由多到少的排序为细菌、真菌、放线菌。4个林型中微生物总生物量、细菌生物量是藓类兴安落叶松林最高,草类兴安落叶松林最低;真菌生物量为杜香兴安落叶松林最高,草类兴安落叶松林最低;放线菌生物量为杜鹃兴安落叶松林最高,草类兴安落叶松林最低。冗余分析显示,土壤含水率对细菌影响最大,全钾、速效钾质量分数对真菌影响最大,土壤有机碳和碱解氮质量分数对放线菌影响最大。从而表明,寒温带兴安落叶松林不同林型的土壤微生物生物量和群落存在差异,土壤微生物群落与土壤性质之间具有相关性。     

Dynamics of extracellular DNA decomposition and bacterial community composition in soil

Microbial necromass is an important source of stabilized organic matter in soil, yet the decomposition dynamics of necromass constituents have not been adequately characterized. This includes DNA, a nutrient-rich molecule that when released into the environment as extracellular DNA (eDNA) can be readily used by soil microorganisms. However, the ecological relevance of eDNA as a nutrient source for soil microorganisms is relatively unknown. To address these deficits, we performed a laboratory experiment wherein soils were amended with ¹³C-labeled eDNA and clay minerals known to interact with DNA (kaolinite and montmorillonite). The amount of eDNA-carbon remaining in the soil declined exponentially over time. Kaolinite amendment decreased eDNA decomposition rates and, after 30 days, retained a higher fraction of eDNA-carbon (∼70% remaining) than control or montmorillonite soils (∼40% remaining), indicating that clay mineral sorption can stabilize eDNA-derived carbon in soil. Sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes showed that during the incubation the relative abundance of the added eDNA's sequence decreased by 98%, 92% and 99% in the control, montmorillonite, and kaolinite amended soils respectively. These results suggest that the fraction of eDNA-carbon that remained in the soil was incorporated into microbial biomass, firmly bound to soil constituents, or fragmented and no longer amenable to sequencing. In addition, the eDNA amendment affected the composition of the bacterial community. Specifically, the relative abundance of select phyla (Planctomycetes and TM7) and genera (e.g., Arthrobacter and Nocardioides) were elevated in soils that received eDNA, suggesting these groups may be particularly effective at degrading eDNA and using it for growth. Taken together, these results indicate that while eDNA is consumed by bacteria in soil, a fraction of eDNA material is resistant to decomposition, particularly when stabilized by soil minerals, suggesting a substantial amount of recalcitrant eDNA could accumulate over time.     

肉种鸡营养传代效应的研究进展

该文综述了肉种鸡营养的传代效应,指出通过调整肉种鸡营养可以改善后代肉仔鸡品质,提高肉仔鸡免疫机能,进而影响其生长性能和胴体品质。     

Soil microarthropods are only weakly impacted after 13 years of repeated drought treatment in wet and dry heathland soils

Studies of biological responses in the terrestrial environment to rapid changes in climate have mostly been concerned with aboveground biota, whereas less is known of belowground organisms. The present study focuses on mites and springtails of heathland ecosystems and how the microarthropod community has responded to simulated climate change in a long-term field experiment. Increased temperature and repeated drought was applied for 13 years to field plots located in Wales, The Netherlands and Denmark representing sites of contrasting climatic conditions with respect to precipitation and temperature. This approach provided an opportunity to study biological responses on a local (within sites) and regional scale. Warming treatments increasing night time temperature (0.3–1 °C higher than ambient at 5 cm soil depth) had no detectable effects on the microarthropod communities. Increased intensity and frequency of drought had only weak persistent effects on springtail species composition, but practically no effect on major mite groups (Oribatida, Prostigmata or Mesostigmata) suggesting that ecosystem functions of microarthropods may only be transiently impacted by repeated spring or summer drought.     

食品营养与功能性食品课程教学改革实践与探索

为了提高食品营养与功能性食品课程的教学质量,根据课程的特点,从教学内容、教学方法、教学手段等方面,对该课程进行了初步教学改革的探索,取得了良好的效果。     

Biology of leptin in the pig

The recently discovered protein, leptin, which is secreted by fat cells in response to changes in body weight or energy, has been implicated in regulation of feed intake, energy expenditure and the neuroendocrine axis in rodents and humans. Leptin was first identified as the gene product found deficient in the obese ob/ob mouse. Administration of leptin to ob/ob mice led to improved reproduction as well as reduced feed intake and weight loss. The porcine leptin receptor has been cloned and is a member of the class 1 cytokine family of receptors. Leptin has been implicated in the regulation of immune function and the anorexia associated with disease. The leptin receptor is localized in the brain and pituitary of the pig. The leptin response to acute inflammation is uncoupled from anorexia and is differentially regulated among swine genotypes. In vitro studies demonstrated that the leptin gene is expressed by porcine preadipocytes and leptin gene expression is highly dependent on dexamethasone induced preadipocyte differentiation. Hormonally driven preadipocyte recruitment and subsequent fat cell size may regulate leptin gene expression in the pig. Expression of CCAAT-enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) mediates insulin dependent preadipocyte leptin gene expression during lipid accretion. In contrast, insulin independent leptin gene expression may be maintained by C/EBP auto-activation and phosphorylation/dephosphorylation. Adipogenic hormones may increase adipose tissue leptin gene expression in the fetus indirectly by inducing preadipocyte recruitment and subsequent differentiation. Central administration of leptin to pigs suppressed feed intake and stimulated growth hormone (GH) secretion. Serum leptin concentrations increased with age and estradiol-induced leptin mRNA expression in fat was age and weight dependent in prepuberal gilts. This occurred at the time of expected puberty in intact contemporaries and was associated with greater LH secretion. Further work demonstrated that leptin acts directly on pituitary cells to enhance LH and GH secretion, and brain tissue to stimulate gonadotropin releasing hormone secretion. Thus, development of nutritional schemes and (or) gene therapy to manipulate leptin secretion will lead to practical methods of controlling appetite, growth and reproduction in farm animals, thereby increasing efficiency of lean meat production.