干旱冷凉区红芸豆施肥效应与养分吸收研究

应用“3414”试验方案,研究了干旱冷凉区红芸豆施肥效应及红芸豆养分吸收状况。结果表明：施肥处理红芸豆产量显著高于不施肥处理,以N2P1K1处理的红芸豆产量和产投比最高。施用氮、磷、钾肥增产率分别为16.4%、8.6%和12.7%,对产量影响依次为：N＞K＞P。三元二次方程拟合结果表明,本试验条件下,氮(N)、磷(P2O5)、钾(K2O)肥最佳经济施肥量分别为99.0、140.6、108.0 kg/hm2。红芸豆生育期地力贡献率为75.7%,供试土壤肥力中等,施肥效果明显。合理施肥可促进红芸豆对N、P和K的吸收。     

烯效唑干拌种对甜荞茎秆抗倒性能的影响

以中抗倒伏甜荞品种宁荞1号为材料,设置0、100、200和300 mg kg^–1烯效唑干拌种处理,研究倒伏习性、产量、茎秆抗折力、倒伏指数、茎秆形态特性和茎秆解剖结构的变化,探讨烯效唑干拌种对甜荞茎秆抗倒性能的影响。结果表明,烯效唑干拌种对甜荞茎秆抗倒性能有显著影响。随烯效唑干拌种浓度的增加,产量、茎秆抗折力、第2节间粗、第2节间干重、节间充实度、机械组织层数、机械组织厚度、茎壁厚度、维管束数目和维管束面积先增加后降低,倒伏率、倒伏指数、株高、茎秆重心高度、茎秆鲜重和第2节间长先降低后增加。当烯效唑干拌种浓度为200 mg kg^–1时,能有效优化甜荞茎秆结构,改善茎秆质量,减小倒伏风险,增加产量。     

RNAi‐based Bean golden mosaic virus‐resistant common bean (Embrapa 5.1) shows simple inheritance for both transgene and disease resistance

Bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV) is the causal agent of bean golden mosaic of common beans. A transgenic bean line that has been developed based on RNA interference to silence the BGMV rep gene showed immunity to the virus. Crosses were done between the transgenic line and six bean cultivars followed by four backcrosses to the commercial cultivars ‘Pérola’ and ‘BRS Pontal’. The transgene locus was consistently inherited from the crosses analysed in a Mendelian fashion in the segregating populations. The disease resistance reaction co‐inherited with the transgene. Nevertheless, the expression of disease resistance displayed a dosage effect phenomenon in the F₁ generation. The analysis of the homozygous near‐isogenic lines in field conditions, under high BGMV disease incidence, indicated that the transgenic lines were completely resistant. These results show the strength of the disease resistance obtained, the stability of the trait across generations and its usefulness in the management of a disease for which there is no reported Phaseolus germplasm with immunity.     

Development of EST-SSR markers and construction of a linkage map in faba bean (Vicia faba)

To develop a high density linkage map in faba bean, a total of 1,363 FBES (Faba bean expressed sequence tag [EST]-derived simple sequence repeat [SSR]) markers were designed based on 5,090 non-redundant ESTs developed in this study. A total of 109 plants of a ‘Nubaria 2’ × ‘Misr 3’ F₂ mapping population were used for map construction. Because the parents were not pure homozygous lines, the 109 F₂ plants were divided into three subpopulations according to the original F₁ plants. Linkage groups (LGs) generated in each subpopulation were integrated by commonly mapped markers. The integrated ‘Nubaria 2’ × ‘Misr 3’ map consisted of six LGs, representing a total length of 684.7 cM, with 552 loci. Of the mapped loci, 47% were generated from multi-loci diagnostic (MLD) markers. Alignment of homologous sequence pairs along each linkage group revealed obvious syntenic relationships between LGs in faba bean and the genomes of two model legumes, Lotus japonicus and Medicago truncatula. In a polymorphic analysis with ten Egyptian faba bean varieties, 78.9% (384/487) of the FBES markers showed polymorphisms. Along with the EST-SSR markers, the dense map developed in this study is expected to accelerate marker assisted breeding in faba bean.     

一氧化氮、 过氧化氢参与光诱导绿豆下胚轴花青素合成

为研究光诱导花青素合成的信号转导过程,以绿豆下胚轴为材料,借助生理学方法、组织学方法和分光光度法,测量了光对花青素合成的效应、光诱导花青素合成的部位及一氧化氮（NO）、过氧化氢（H2O2）在光诱导花青素合成中的作用。结果显示,光诱导了花青素合成,花青素含量随光照时间延长而增加;花青素的合成部位为表皮下薄壁细胞;≥10 mmol/LNO合酶抑制剂L-NAME、≥300μmol/L硝酸还原酶抑制剂Na2WO4、≥300μmol/LNO清除剂血红蛋白（Hb）、≥3μmol/LH2O2产生酶NADPH氧化酶抑制剂DPI、≥10 mmol/LH2O2清除剂抗坏血酸（Vc）、≥200 units/mLH2O2清除酶过氧化氢酶（CAT）均显著抑制光诱导花青素合成,表明NO和H2O2作为中间信号分子参与光诱导的花青素合成。     

Evaluation of fungicide application rates,spray schedules and alternative management options for rust and angular leaf spot of snap beans in Uganda

Yield losses due to rust and angular leaf spot (ALS) of snap beans may reach 100% in Eastern Africa. Where susceptible varieties are grown, farmers control these diseases with routine fungicide applications. To determine an optimum application rate and spray schedule for Orius® (tebuconazole 250 g/L), we sprayed 10 mL and 20 mL Orius® per 15 L spray water twice at two trifoliate leaf stage and 50% flowering, and three times at the same stages, with an additional application at pod initiation. In farmers’ fields, we tested the effect of fungicide sprays, use of resistant variety, intercropping, increased plant spacing and farmyard manure on rust and ALS diseases. Application three times of 20 mL Orius® per 15 L spray water reduced rust severity scores by 5.7 and 2.4 in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Lowest rust and ALS severities were observed when a resistant variety, fungicide or farmyard manure was used. Pod yield increments due to disease management ranged between 13% and 242%. Prophylactic fungicide application, use of resistant varieties and farmyard manure can be used to reduce disease severity and improve snap bean quality on smallholder farms.     

绿豆抗旱指标鉴选与评价

采用人工盆栽控水试验,对21份绿豆种质资源进行抗旱期综合评价,鉴选绿豆品种抗旱性指标体系。结果表明,与绿豆抗旱性相关的10个指标经主成分分析被分为3个主成分,其中茎高、茎粗、结荚数、叶面积、叶绿素含量、丙二醛含量、脯氨酸含量与绿豆抗旱性密切相关。采用聚类分析,并结合绿豆隶属函数法综合分析,将21份绿豆品种分成：强抗旱品种为‘良丰1号’、‘HX04037’和‘榆绿1号’,中抗旱性品种为‘嫩绿1号’、‘兴绿1号’、‘天山大明绿’、‘西绿1号’、‘绿宝绿豆’、‘赤绿3号’、‘白绿1号’、‘中绿1号’、‘晋绿1号’、‘八宝绿豆’、‘中绿6号’、‘鑫绿1号’和‘HX04050’,弱抗旱性品种为‘冀北12－1号’、‘绿珍珠2号’、‘ZKY－2’、‘白绿522’和‘邯绿8号’。     

小麦谷蛋白溶涨指数的动态变化及其净遗传增量的动态变化规律

以普通小麦京771和Pm97034及其175个重组自交系RIL（F2：8）群体为试验材料,对小麦谷蛋白溶涨指数（SIG）及其净遗传增量在籽粒灌浆到成熟的动态变化规律进行了研究。结果表明,大多数RIL后代家系SIG值的变化规律与两亲的变化规律相一致,呈现出“低～高～低～高～低”的变化趋势,即通常在花后17d和花后27d达到高峰,在花后22d左右达最低值,在成熟期SIG值略低于其最大值。不同发育阶段的SIG条件遗传分析表明,控制SIG值的基因在整个籽粒灌浆时期都有表达,大多数后代家系在花后17和27d左右是基因表达最为活跃的时期,而花后22d左右是基因表达的低谷期,各阶段基因净表达量的变化与SIG观测值的变化基本一致。     

辽宁地区菜豆炭疽病生理小种初鉴报

由豆刺盘孢菌侵染引发的菜豆炭疽病,是菜豆生产中的主要病害,可造成直接减产3成以上,对此选育抗病品种是目前解决这一难题的最为有效的途径。中国菜豆炭疽病菌生理小种多样化,地域分布较为广泛与复杂。为了使选育抗病品种更有针对性,对辽宁10个地市区菜豆炭疽病菌进行采集调查,以期确定该区域优势生理小种,为抗病品种的选育明确方向。对采集来的菌株,采用显微单孢分离法分离,在4 ℃下保存于PDA试管斜面上,采用MA培养基,在23 ℃培养15天后,采用国际鉴别寄主进行室内接种鉴定,其结果上述参试菌株均为α生理小种。     

唐山红小豆地方品种资源数量性状的遗传变异分析

以71份唐山红小豆地方品种资源为研究对像,对资源各数量性状的平均表现、遗传变异、遗传力及预期遗传进度进行了分析。结果表明,唐山红小豆地方品种资源生育期类型单一、株型高大、产量性状较好,子粒大小中等;主茎分枝、单株荚数、单株生产力、小区产量、生育前期、百粒重、单荚粒数具有中等以上的遗传变异系数和遗传进度,对其选择有一定的效果;在选择效果明显的性状中,生育期、百粒重、主茎分枝遗传力较高,可在早代选择;小区产量遗传力中等,可在遗传基础相对稳定的较高世代选择;而株高、单株荚数、单荚粒数、单株生产力的遗传力较低,应在遗传基础纯合稳定的高世代选择。