欧盟共同农业政策:绿色生态转型、改革趋向与发展启示

农业是引发温室气体增多、生物多样性下降以及水体污染等生态安全事件的主要产业之一。在种种生态安全事件的挑战下,农业应该朝着绿色生态的方向进行转型已经成为多数国家的共识。欧盟的共同农业政策是世界上较早提倡农业绿色发展的农业政策之一。从1992年开始的麦克萨里改革到已经达成的《2023—2027年共同农业政策》临时协议,欧盟共同农业政策绿色生态转型体现出政策支持更加明确、以农民利益保护为重点、自愿性与强制性措施相结合、以数字技术为支撑以及多政策配套实施等改革趋向。在强调绿色发展与转型的新时代,欧盟共同农业政策的改革历程及发展趋向可以为中国农业政策改革提供一定的经验及启示,通过优化顶层设计、健全补贴机制、坚持弹性原则、提高科技能力、增加政策协同等措施来推进农业的绿色生态转型。     

温度和盐度对花鲈胚胎及前期仔鱼发育影响的初步报告

花鲈（Ｌａｔｅｏｌａｂｒａｘ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｓ）胚胎发育的适宜温度为１０～２２℃，１０℃组中的畸形率偏高，因此最适宜温度为１３～２２℃。短时期的７℃低温对胚胎发育没有影响；前期仔鱼的适温范围与胚胎的适温范围基本一致。胚胎发育的适宜 盐度为１９‰～２８‰，以２２‰～２５‰为最佳；仔鱼对盐度的要求与胚胎期近似。以低盐度和高盐 度相比较，４日龄以后，低盐度似有利于仔鱼存活。     

丽水市鲜食蚕豆品比试验

从江苏沿江地区农科所引进4个品种分别在当地主产区和试验基地进行种植。结果表明：大棚种植能明显提早上市时间;通蚕6号适应性较好,蚕豆在露地及大棚中种植均表现优异,值得在当地大面积推广。03010单株性状表现较好,还需进一步试验。     

甲基汞对鲤鱼血浆渗透压及鳃丝Na＋－K＋－ATPase活性的影响

以水体甲基汞不同浓度（μｇ／Ｌ）分别染毒鲤鱼２４小时和１周。实验结果表明：在浓度高于５０μｇ／Ｌ染毒２４小时和浓度２０μｇ／Ｌ染毒１周时，多数染毒鱼的血浆Ｋ＋和Ｍｇ２＋浓度增高，Ｎａ＋和Ｃｌ－浓度下降，ＰＯ３－４值变化不明显。血浆Ｃａ２＋浓度仅在２００μｇ／Ｌ染毒２４小时和高于４０μｇ／Ｌ染毒１周时，染毒鱼的血浆Ｃａ２＋出现极显著下降。甲基汞量高于１００μｇ／Ｌ染毒２４小时和８０μｇ／Ｌ染毒１周，染毒鱼的血浆渗透压呈明显下降趋势。鳃线粒体Ｎａ＋－Ｋ＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性仅在染毒２４小时浓度为２５μｇ／Ｌ和５０μｇ／Ｌ剂量时受到抑制。甲基汞还引起了血糖含量的明显增高。     

Effects of dietary substitution of soya bean meal for fish meal on consumption, growth, and metabolism of juvenile giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii

A 42‐day study was conducted where prawns (0.32 g) were fed diets where 0, 20, 50, 75 and 100 g (100 g)^?1 of fish meal was replaced by soya bean meal (SBM). Feed intake was not significantly affected by inclusion of SBM, while specific growth rate and conversion efficiency decreased with increasing dietary SBM. Standard metabolic rate was significantly affected by dietary soya bean level, and was the highest in the 75 g (100 g)^?1 SBM group. Carcass dry matter, crude fat and energy value declined with increasing SBM inclusion. SBM, without supplementation of amino acids or other additives, was not suitable as a major protein source in freshwater‐prawn diets.     

Acute Toxicity of Synthetic Pyrethroid Cypermethrin on the Common Carp (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cyprinus carpio</Emphasis> L.) Embryos and Larvae

In this study, the toxic effects on the embryos and larvae of the common carp were used as a model to investigate the synthetic pyrethroid pesticide, cypermethrin, which contaminates aquatic ecosystems. Data obtained from the cypermethrin acute toxicity tests were evaluated using the Probit Analysis Statistical Method. The control and eight test experiments were repeated five times. The number of dead embryos significantly increased in response to cypermethrin concentrations 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 2, 4 and 8 μg l⁻¹ (p<0.05 for each case). The 48 h LC₅₀ value (with 95% confidence limits) of cypermethrin for common carp embryos was estimated at 0.909 (0.256–5.074) μg l⁻¹. Dose–response decreases in hatching success were recorded as 87.4, 85.0, 80.2, 71.4, 56.3, 48.6, 38.8 and 23.5%, respectively. The lowest concentration of cypermethrin (0.0001 μg l⁻¹) produced a significant increase in the number of dead larvae compared to the control group (p<0.05). The number of dead larvae significantly increased with increasing cypermethrin concentrations exposed for 1–96 h (p<0.05). The highest concentration (8 μg l⁻¹) showed the highest larvae mortality. The 96 h LC₅₀ value (with 95% confidence limits) of cypermethrin for common carp larvae was estimated at 0.809 (0.530–1.308) μg l⁻¹. The results of the study suggest that low levels of cypermethrin in the aquatic environment may have a significant effect on the reproduction and development of carp.     

普通荞麦自交不亲和两系互交制种技术研究

用自交不亲和性制种,实现普通荞麦杂种优势利用;创新杂交制种生产技术,提高效率,降低生产成本.将育成的近交系亲本矮B系与矮C系等量、混合种植,借助虫媒、风媒授粉,进行杂交制种.成熟后混合收获、脱粒,用机械将矮BF1（正交F1代）与矮CF1（反交F1代）分开,分别用于生产.制种田没有固定的父本,所收获种子95％是杂交种.正交F1代超亲优势为26.1％,反交F1代超亲优势为30.2％,平均优势为38.4％;试验表明,另一组合矮A系与恢3系所配杂交种比对照增产25.64％～44.87％,被审定为‘榆荞4号’品种.制种田省去了父本和按行比种植的工序,不仅提高了制种产量,降低了生产成本,而且制种效果好,在荞麦杂种优势利用上,是一种新的杂交种生产技术,可用于大规模生产杂交种.     

反射光谱法估计小麦叶片表皮蜡质含量的初步研究

为了探讨利用冠层反射光谱技术估计小麦叶片表皮蜡质含量的可行性,以小麦高叶片表皮蜡质含量材料2912与低叶片表皮蜡质含量品种普冰201和晋麦47及其杂交构建的F2:3株系为材料,通过氯仿提取称重法测定了小麦抽穗期的旗叶表皮蜡质含量,并采用FieldSpec 3测定了冠层反射光谱,分析小麦冠层反射光谱与叶片表皮蜡质含量之间的关系。结果表明,三个亲本以及株系间蜡质含量差异显著。高蜡质材料的可见光波段反射率整体高于低蜡质材料,短波长波段光谱反射率与叶片表皮蜡质含量相关性较高。以550和675nm波长的反射光谱为基础的单波/差值指数[R550/(R550-R675)]能较好地反映小麦叶片蜡质含量,两F2:3群体拟合模型的r2值分别为0.761和0.679,回归方程分别为y=0.07x-0.575和y=0.088x-1.481。     

9个鲜食蚕豆品种低温保鲜比较试验

以苏蚕2号、海门大青皮、上虞田鸡青、美国蚕豆、陵西一寸、通鲜6号、日本大白皮、慈溪大白蚕以及自主研制新品系（长荚型蚕豆）共9个鲜食蚕豆品种为试材,进行低温保鲜比较试验。结果表明：以豆荚形式贮藏,以上虞田鸡青的保鲜效果最好,慈溪大白蚕、日本大白皮和长荚型蚕豆等3个品种次之,以2℃贮藏28d为宜。以豆粒形式贮藏,日本大白皮和慈溪大白蚕等2个品种保鲜效果最好,以2℃贮藏21d为宜。     

微波消解-原子荧光光谱法测定豆粉中总汞的不确定度评定

为了得到准确而完善的检测结果,对微波消解-原子荧光光谱法测定豆粉中总汞结果的不确定度进行了评定,结合各不确定度分量对测定方法中不确定度的主要来源进行了分析。结果表明:样品的前处理方法以及试样的重复性对获得准确测定结果尤为重要,标准曲线的配制也是重要的不确定度来源,同时需要确保仪器的稳定性,而试样定容和样品称样引入的不确定度极低,可以忽略。通过不确定度的评定,明确了测定过程中主要误差的来源,为降低检测过程中的误差提供了依据。