筑路机械在低温条件下的使用与保养

本文根据多年的实践经验.提出了筑路机械在低温条件下的使用与保养措施.文中对发动机、传动系统、操纵系统、液压系统的使用与保养提出了较为有效的措施,从而保证筑路机械在低温条件下的正常使用.     

TCP植物蒸腾抑制剂的研制

介绍了TCP植物蒸腾抑制剂的配方组成，以及水剂、粉剂的使用方法和影响因素。     

7种睡莲属植物叶绿体基因组密码子偏好性分析

以7种睡莲属植物叶绿体基因组为研究对象,分析其叶绿体基因组的密码子使用偏好性,探讨影响其密码子偏好性形成的主要因素。结果表明,7种睡莲叶绿体密码子使用偏好性相似,基因组序列富含A/T碱基,密码子第3位碱基以A/T结尾为主;有效密码子数（ENc）分别为40.14~61.00、40.14~61.00、40.55~57.61、39.77~57.61、39.55~57.30、39.56~61.00和40.10~61.00,均明显大于35,表明其密码子使用偏好性较弱。ENc-plot、PR2-plot和中性绘图分析表明,它们的叶绿体密码子偏好性形成受自然选择、碱基突变等多种因素共同影响,其中自然选择起主导作用。通过同义密码子RSCU值分析,发现以A/T结尾的高频密码子27个,以G/C结尾的低频密码子26个,进一步依据密码子RSCU和△RSCU值,最终确定出4个最优密码子。此外,基于7种睡莲叶绿体基因组密码子使用偏好特征RSCU值、CDS序列及其全基因组序列分别构建系统进化树,分析发现3种方法构建的物种间进化关系相似,均划分为2大分支,其中Nymphaea alba var.rubra、Nymphaea alba、Nymphaea ampla、Nymphaea capensis、Nymphaea jamesoniana和Nymphaea lotus划归第1分支,Nymphaea mexicana单独形成第2分支。研究结果进一步支持了物种内遗传关系与密码子使用偏好性之间存在一定关系。     

香花枇杷质体基因组序列密码子偏性分析

选取香花枇杷质体基因组进行密码子使用偏好性的生物信息学分析,用于理解其密码子使用偏性的主要原因,为今后该属植物基因的进化、起源以及转化体系中载体构建等方面研究提供借鉴。利用Codon W 1.4.2、SPSS statistics 17.0、Excel 2016和cusp等软件对筛选出的37条基因编码序列密码子进行最优密码子分析、中性绘图分析、ENC-plot和PR2-plot绘图分析。结果表明,ENC平均值为47.02;GC₃与GC₁、GC₂的相关性均不显著;GC_all为39.08%,GC₁（48.79%）>GC₂（40.18 %）>GC₃（28.44%）;RSCU>1的29个密码子中有28个以A或U结尾;PR2-plot绘图分析显示多数位点偏离中心,落于左下方位置;确定了UUU、UUG、CUU等15个最优密码子。香花枇杷叶绿体基因组中,同义密码子的使用偏性较弱（47.02）;密码子的第1、 2位碱基组成比较相似,但均不同于第3位;整体A、U含量大于C、G,末位碱基以A、U为主,且嘧啶的使用频率高于嘌呤;香花枇杷叶绿体基因组密码子的使用模式主要受到选择、突变的和其他因素的综合作用影响。     

云南省农户沼气使用意愿的影响因素研究

利用云南省13个州(市)25县(市、区)25个村的1 225份样本农户问卷调查数据,采用因子分析和Logistic回归分析方法,分析了影响农户沼气使用意愿的显著因素,得出以下结论:有5个因素对农户目前沼气的使用情况有显著影响,根据影响的程度依次为家庭劳动力数量(f1)、沼气的通达性(f4)、农户饲养牲畜状况(f5)、家庭经济状况(f3)、耕地面积(f2)。建议今后在制定农村沼气发展政策时应更加注重后续服务体系、标准体系和新技术推广体系建设。     

A comparative account of the structure of the growth hormone encoding gene and genetic interrelationship in six species of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Labeo</Emphasis>

The growth hormone (GH) gene isolated and cloned from various Labeo species (L. rohita, L. calbasu, L. fimbriatus, L. gonius, L. bata, and L. kontius) is shown to contain a single copy in the haploid genome, with an overall size of ∼2.5 kb. The GH gene in all the Labeo species studied has five exons and four introns of various sizes with the exon/intron boundary sequence of GT/AG. The length variation of the GH gene between the species is found to be due to length variation in the form of several deletions in the third intron. The length of individual exons is the same in all the species with an open reading frame (ORF) of 630 bp (210 amino acids) except in L. rohita, which has a 9 bp deletion in the fourth exon, resulting in a shorter GH of 621 bp (207 amino acids). The similarity in the nucleotide and amino acid sequences between the different Labeo species is greater than 97%, in spite of eight amino acids being altered in the GH protein of Labeo that reside outside the conserved domain sequence required for its function. Nucleotide substitutions are seen in the form of 20 transitions and three transversions in the ORF of the GH gene. Both types of transitions (A–G; T–C) and only one type of transversion (A–C) are detected in the GH gene. Codon preference in GH gene shows a strong preference for G and C in the wobble position of the codons. Genetic interrelationships determined between Labeo and other species of fishes using nucleotide sequence of GH cDNA supports the overall teleost classification of Nelson (Fishes of the World. Wiley, New York, 1984) with separate clades for Ostariophysi, Protacanthopterygii, and Acanthopterygii. Besides, the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic means (UPGMA) analysis clearly distinguishes between the species having five exons and four introns in the GH gene from the species having six exons and five introns in the same gene. The Labeo species analyzed in the present study could be clustered into two groups using the maximum-parsimony method on the intron sequences data of the GH gene.     

喷雾器倾斜试验装置的设计

背负式喷雾器广泛应用于农林作物的病虫害防治及医疗防疫等领域,在使用过程中药液不得泄漏,否则会严重危害操作人员的生命健康安全.在介绍植保机械安全技术要求的基础上,根据喷雾器倾斜试验的要求,提出喷雾器倾斜试验装置的设计思路,设计了一款用于喷雾器密封性能试验的倾斜试验装置,这对提升我国植保机械检测设备技术水平具有参考价值.     

蟾蜍产品的医药价值及其资源的开发利用

本文主要介绍蛤蟆（蟾蜍）的生物学特性，饲养蟾蜍取药材的技术要点及蟾蜍产品的医药价值和开发应用前景。     

Historical Land‐use and Vegetation Change in Northern Kwazulu‐Natal,South Africa

The role of anthropogenic activity is increasingly recognized as an agent of environmental change. Photographs, taken more than 130 years ago in KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa, show a very different landscape to that viewed today. In attempting to understand some of the dynamics behind the changes in the landscape, we explored the history of land‐use in communal rangelands in KwaZulu‐Natal from the arrival of Iron Age man through to modern practices. Communal farming is frequently cited as a major cause of environmental degradation. Traditional lifestyles have been eroded by social, political and economic changes since the arrival of European explorers and settlers in the early 1800s. This may have contributed to encroachment by woody plants into the open savannas and grasslands of KwaZulu‐Natal in recent times because of increased grazing pressure and, perhaps reduced fires. Furthermore, there is decreasing dependence on wood for everyday needs due to the increased availability of electricity. Interviews with a number of community members indicate that they have noted a change in climate and in vegetation structure. Their observations have been confirmed by climate data and historic photographs. Environmental planners need to view change in a holistic manner, taking cognisance not only of the physical changes but also of the history of land‐use and human needs and to give credence to community perceptions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

我国渔药的发展概况和安全使用体系建设研究

介绍了我国渔药的发展概况、渔药使用原则和渔药使用安全体系建设的内容，指出了我国目前渔药使用过程中存在的问题，并提出了相关建议。我国渔药研究是随着鱼病调查和对鱼类病原体研究而开始的。20世纪80年代以前，我国渔药研究偏重于药物筛选、有效浓度、安全浓度、应用范围和给药方法等应用方面，尚未形成商品。20世纪80年代末，随着对细菌性鱼病研究的深入，出现了以鱼服康A型、B型为代表的商品性渔药。渔药科学安全体系建设内容应涵括法规标准制度、渔药管理技术支撑体系、渔药检测及安全评估体系、渔药安全使用和残留监控等。