叶用萝卜育种现状及发展趋势

综述了叶用萝卜的特点、营养成分及育种现状,阐述了叶用萝卜的育种特点及育种技术,提出应在充分挖掘我国叶用萝卜种质资源基础上,大量引进日本和中国台湾培育的叶用萝卜品种,以速生、优质、丰产、特异抗逆性强为目标性状,加快我国叶用萝卜育种进程,并应配合研究相应的栽培技术。     

Occurrence of Corynespora cassiicola isolates resistant to boscalid on cucumber in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan

A total of 651 isolates of cucumber corynespora leaf spot fungus ( Corynespora cassiicola ) collected from cucumber in Japan, either with (438 isolates) or without (213 isolates) a prior history of boscalid use, were tested for their sensitivity to boscalid by using a mycelial growth inhibition method on YBA agar medium. Additionally, seven isolates of C. cassiicola obtained from tomato, soybean, eggplant (aubergine) and cowpea in different locations in Japan were tested before boscalid registration. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and 50% effective concentration (EC₅₀) values for 220 isolates from crops without a prior history of boscalid use ranged from 0·5 to 7·5 μg mL⁻¹ and from 0·04 to 0·59 μg mL⁻¹, respectively. Two hundred and fourteen out of 438 isolates collected from ten cucumber greenhouses in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan, which received boscalid spray applications showed boscalid resistance, with MIC values higher than 30 μg mL⁻¹. Moreover, resistant isolates were divided into two groups: a moderately resistant (MR) group consisting of 189 isolates with EC₅₀ values ranging from 1·1 to 6·3 μg mL⁻¹, and a very highly resistant (VHR) group consisting of 25 isolates with EC₅₀ values higher than 24·8 μg mL⁻¹. MR isolates were detected from all ten greenhouses, but VHR isolates were detected from only three. As a result of fungus inoculation tests which used potted cucumber plants, control failures of boscalid were observed against resistant isolates. Efficacy of boscalid was remarkably low against VHR isolates in particular. This is the first known report on boscalid resistance in Japan.     

Co‐infection with Cucumber vein yellowing virus and Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus leading to synergism in cucumber

Symptom expression and levels of the ipomovirus Cucumber vein yellowing virus (CVYV) and the crinivirus Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV) were compared in greenhouse cucumbers in single and mixed infections. Results were contrasted with those obtained for plants infected with the potyvirus Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) in single and in mixed infections with either CVYV or CYSDV. Cucumber showed leaf symptoms of each co‐infecting virus, except for the combination of CYSDV with ZYMV, where the typical CYSDV‐like symptoms of interveinal leaf yellowing were inconspicuous or absent. The progression of CVYV as quantified by real‐time RT‐PCR was similar in plants with single infections and in mixed infection with CYSDV between 15 and 60 days post‐inoculation (dpi). However, CYSDV was detected at significantly enhanced levels in plants when co‐infected with CVYV but not when co‐infected with ZYMV. In the latter case, ZYMV levels were reduced when compared with single infections. During mixed infections of ZYMV and CVYV, the titre levels of the ipomovirus were significantly lower when compared with single infections. Cucumber had reduced plant height, internode length, dry weight and fruit yield, positively correlated with the titre levels of CVYV and not of CYSDV during mixed infections. It is concluded that co‐infections with CVYV enhance the titre of CYSDV, which could have epidemiological significance.     

Iron and zinc absorption characteristics and copper inhibitions in cucurbitaceae

Iron and Zn absorption, interactions, and Cu inhibitions were characterized in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thunb.), and pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Poir.) by kinetic parameters V_max and K_m. Influx and V_max values for Fe and Zn absorption decreased in each species as plant age increased. For the Michaelis constant, K_m, Fe values in cucumber and watermelon and Zn values in watermelon and pumpkin were relatively unchanged with increased plant age. K_m values for Zn absorption in cucumber and Fe absorption in pumpkin decreased as plant age increased. Among species, watermelon appeared to have a particularly effective uptake mechanism for Zn at low solution concentrations. Non‐competitive inhibition of Zn absorption by Fe (20, 50 uM) was indicated in each species. Iron uptake in pumpkin was inhibited non‐competitively by Zn (5, 10 uM), however no significant effects of Zn on Fe absorption were evident in either watermelon or cucumber. Copper (0.5, 1, 5 uM) inhibited uptake of Fe non‐competitively and Zn competitively in each species.     

利用分子标记鉴定萝卜细胞质雄性不育种质的研究

利用萝卜包含ORF138基因片段的Ogura胞质雄性不育（CMS）分子标记对收集的5份萝卜雄性不育系种子材料进行鉴定。结果表明,有1份种质为Ogura雄性不育材料;将Ogura分子标记应用子萝卜Ogura细胞质雄性不育基因的转育工作中,可以提高选择效率,缩短育种年限。其它4种萝卜种质的不育类型和相关遗传机制,有待于进一步鉴定和分析。     

萝卜溶菌酶抑菌效果的初步研究

研究了萝卜溶菌酶对白色葡萄球菌，金黄色葡萄球菌，枯草杆等３种革兰氏阳性基本国策 和变形菌、大肠杆菌，鼠伤寒沙门氏杆菌，多杀巴斯德氏杆菌，雏白痢沙门氏菌，产气杆菌等６种革兰氏阴性菌及酿酒酵母，总状毛霉，黑根霉、黑曲霉、青霉等５种真菌的抑制效果，同时还研究了萝卜溶菌酶对白菜软腐病菌，柑橘溃疡病菌，番茄青枯病菌，水稻细条病菌，水稻白叶枯病菌及烟草青枯病菌等６种植物病原细菌的抑菌效果。实验证明：萝卜溶菌酶     

从萝卜下胚轴再生完整植株

以萝卜无菌幼苗下胚轴为外植体,研究了不同基因型萝卜品种,不同浓度的NAA、BA、蔗糖、AgNO3对植株再生的影响。基本培养基(BM)为MS无机盐 Gly2mgL 肌醇2mgL 烟酸05mgL VB101mgL 琼脂68gL。试验证明萝卜离体再生主要受基因型和BA、NAA浓度影响。从自交系小红头下胚轴愈伤组织产生的绿色子叶状团块在提高BA、NAA浓度的培养基中大量增殖;降低激素浓度,尤其是BA浓度后,这些子叶状簇生团块发育成大量无根苗,叶片正常。无根苗在添加不同种类的生长素的培养基中生根,并成功地移植入田间。本实验也对AgNO3的作用进行了研究和讨论。     

萝卜小孢子发生和雄配子体发育的细胞形态学观察

萝卜(Raphanus sativus L.)花芽中小孢子母细胞减数分裂前的分散和减数分裂或小孢子从四分体释放等,短雄蕊均先于长雄蕊。同一花药不同花粉囊内,小孢子母细胞处于减数分裂的3～4个邻近时期;同一花粉囊中,在减数分裂Ⅰ的前期表现一定程度的同步性,而前Ⅰ期以后,常为2～3个邻近时期,但小孢子(单胞期)以后的发育表现完全同步。此外,作者对药壁的发育进行了观察,还发现了一些小孢子发生过程中的异常现象。     

稻平脐蠕孢的分离、鉴定及对作物的安全性

为了筛选获得可用于防治李氏禾的病原菌菌株,采用孢子形态观察和ITS1-5.8S-ITS2序列分析法对分离自云南西双版纳稻田感病李氏禾植株上的两株病原真菌菌株进行了鉴定,采用离体叶片生测法评价其除草活性,采用盆栽生测法评价其对主要作物的安全性.结果表明,两株病原真菌分别被鉴定为稻平脐蠕孢(Bipolaris oryzae)和稻平脐蠕孢有性型[Bipolaris oryzae (teleomorph:Cochliobolus miyabeanus)].稻平脐蠕孢发酵液对李氏禾的致病性最高为88.9;稻平脐蠕孢有性型发酵液配制的菌悬液对李氏禾的致病性最高为100.两个菌株对水稻、玉米、黄瓜及番茄等主要农作物安全.     

黄瓜CSHSP70基因内含子结构分析

 【目的】探明黄瓜CSHSP70基因的内含子数目及其结构特点。【方法】根据黄瓜CSHSP70基因cDNA序列设计引物，应用PCR技术从gDNA中克隆CSHSP70基因，采用RT-PCR技术验证内含子的存在。【结果】经测序与拼接，得到长度为4 056 bp的黄瓜CSHSP70基因，它包含7个内含子。经分析发现这些内含子富含A•T，具有类似启动子和HSE核心结构的序列存在。对黄瓜、甜瓜和丝瓜CSHSP70基因部分序列的比较分析表明，该基因在这3个葫芦科作物中具有很强的保守性。【结论】内含子存在的特殊结构表明其可能对该基因表达具有调控作用。