The agronomic benefit of phosphate rock application with elemental sulfur depends on the reactivity and fertilizer placement

Abstract

A possible way to improve phosphate rock (PR) agronomic performance is through the addition of elemental sulfur (S⁰). We used ³²P isotope dilution method to assess the P taken up by crops treated with PR. Two experiments, one with common bean and other with upland rice, were carried out, to evaluate the effect of S⁰ on the agronomic performance of two contrasting PR, applied in different methods. Gafsa (GPR) and Patos de Minas (PPR) were used as the high and low reactivity PR, respectively. The experiments were arranged in completely randomized design on factorial structure 2?×?2 × 2?+?2; which means 2 PR (GPR and PPR) versus 2?S⁰ condition (with or without-S⁰) versus 2 application methods (band and broadcast) plus 2 additional treatments (control and triple superphosphate). In band application the S⁰ increased the amount of P uptake by plants from fertilizer of GPR from 2.57 to 9.86?mg pot^?1 for common bean and of 2.26 to 7.05?mg pot^?1 to rice. Regardless the management adopted, less than 2% of P applied as PPR has been taken up by crops. The addition of S⁰ as a strategy to increase the agronomic performance of PR is PR characteristics dependent and fertilizers placement.     

小麦根系物质流示踪研究

在小麦生育进程各主要叶龄期分别用~(32)P和~(14)C标记各根层和叶层,研究根系营养物质流与地上部光合同化物质流的动态变化及兵在产量形成上的相互关联作用。研究表明,小麦各层次生根的最大功能同主茎叶龄进程基本上保持同步关系,即n/0叶龄发生的根至n+3/0叶龄发挥显著吸收功能。小麦某一叶龄期的功能叶和功能根在同化物质和营养物质输配上表现出互相依赖、相互促进的关系。     

不同臭氧浓度对水培烤烟吸收~(32)P的影响

应用3 2 P研究了不同臭氧浓度对水培烤烟吸收磷素营养的影响。结果表明 :在水培法中低浓度臭氧使根对磷素吸收量所占全植株的百分率随培植时间而减少 ,而茎则随培植时间而增加 ;高浓度臭氧则在整个培植期间根、茎的吸收变化不大。两种培植方法磷素在叶中的分布情况都是 :下叶 >中叶 >上叶。烟株各部分的吸收情况 ,根 >茎 >下叶 >中叶 >上叶 ,且两种培植方法对磷的吸收量都与培植时间呈显著正相关 ,高浓度比低浓度臭氧吸收的磷多而快     

Recovery of phosphorus fertilizer in potato as affected by application strategy and soil type

Phosphorus (P) fertilizers are usually supplied prior to or at planting of potato even though most P is taken up 40 to 80 d after emergence. This may lead to inefficient P use as a result of P leaching or fixation in the soil. This study evaluates the effects of split P application at multiple times during the growth period according to the plant's need for P. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Ditta) was grown in pots in climate chambers, and radioactive ³²P isotope was used to distinguish between the fertilizer and soil‐derived P sources. Two soils were tested in combination with five application rates of P, and the plants were harvested at four dates. The results show that the recovery of P fertilizer can be significantly enhanced if the P supply is split. The result also showed that the proportion of soil‐derived P, accumulated in the plant, was significantly reduced both when more fertilizer P was applied to the soil and when P supply was split into several applications. The positive effects of multiple P applications on the P recovery were greatest in the soil with low P status and low buffer capacity.     

基于阵列式ESP32-CAM的番茄根系表型原位测量方法

为原位采集番茄根系图像,解决番茄根系表型原位测量问题,该研究提出一种基于阵列式ESP32-CAM的番茄根系表型原位测量方法。通过4×4阵列式ESP32-CAM结合OV2640镜头模组实现土壤中根系图像原位自动化无线采集,并采用张正友标定法实现相机标定和畸变校正,利用尺度不变特征转换和最邻近分类的特征检测匹配算法实现图像配准,基于离线标定方法获取相机间变换矩阵实现根系图像拼接;通过引入多头自注意力机制改进U型卷积神经网络（Uarchitecture convolutional networks,U-Net）模型对根系图像进行语义分割,采用形态学处理和骨架提取测量根系长度、面积、平均直径、根深和根宽。研究结果表明：相机阵列图像的拼接迭代均方根误差小于1.11 mm,全局拼接图像的拼接融合质量评分大于0.85;改进后的U-Net模型应用于番茄根系分割的精度、召回率、交并比和F1值分别为86.06%、78.98%、71.41%和82.37%,相比于原始U-Net模型分别提高了18.97、13.21、21.67和16.30个百分点;与人工测量值相比,根系的面积、长度、平均直径、根深和根宽的平均绝...     

两系亚种杂交稻根系活力和磷素分配与籽粒充实度的研究

应用放射性＾３２Ｐ示踪技术对两系亚种间杂交稻根系活力，磷素分配与籽粒充实度进行了研究，结果表明：杂交组合２２６４Ｓ／ＤＴ７１３与汕优６３相比，在抽穗期、灌浆期和成熟期根系吸收＾３２Ｐ总量较少，各生育期根系吸收＾３２Ｐ总量下降幅度大，根系活力下降快，根系出现早衰；     

基于STM32温室环境测控系统的研究

在传统温室自动化监控系统的基础上,针对目前温室大棚面积不断增大、温室内传感器种类及数量不断增多,且不易连栋管理的现状,设计了基于ARM CORTEX-M3核的以STM32单片机为核心的智能温室控制系统。系统采用CAN总线技术对连栋大棚的主要环境因子,如温度、湿度及光照度等进行智能控制,通过串行通信实现上位机控制,增强了温室大棚的智能化和实用性。     

闽引圆叶决明辐射变异后代新品系(86134-32-3)的若干特性

从60Coγ射线辐射闽引圆叶决明86134牧草种子种植后代中筛选出性状稳定的优良变异后代新品系86134-32-3。M4代田间小区品比试验表明,与原品种86134相比,新品系植株叶子生长数、干物质含量、粗脂肪含量、氨基酸总量和单位产量都有大幅度的提高,达到显著或极显著水平;其植株茎叶比大幅度下降。新品系植株的其余营养成分、包括生殖生长期在内的农艺性状均保持原品种特性。     

Measuring rates of gross and net mineralisation of organic phosphorus in soils

The isotopic dilution method developed by Oehl et al. [2001b. Organic phosphorus mineralisation studies using isotopic dilution techniques. Soil Science Society of America Journal 65, 780-787] to measure gross mineralisation of soil organic phosphorus (P) was tested on a range of low-P sorbing soils. This isotopic dilution method relies on accurate prediction of radiolabel behaviour due to soil physicochemical processes. Based on experimental validation of the extrapolation for isotopic dilution due to physicochemical processes using autoclaved soils, a simple power function was used for extrapolation rather than the more complex equation used in the original method. For several soils, however, a potential overestimation of gross mineralisation by 0.1-2.0 mg P kg⁻¹ d⁻¹ was revealed. In addition, the detection limit of P mineralisation ranged between 0.6 and 2.6 mg P kg⁻¹ d⁻¹. The method is likely to be at the detection limit for soils that are high in available P and low in biological activity. The method was modified with respect to the extrapolation and successfully applied to a soil with relatively high microbial P (18 mg P kg⁻¹) and soil respiration rates (29 mg C kg⁻¹ d⁻¹), revealing gross mineralisation rates of organic P of 0.9-1.2 mg P kg⁻¹ d⁻¹. Measurement of uptake of ³²P by the microbial biomass allowed derivation of a net organic P mineralisation rate of 0.5-0.9 mg P kg⁻¹ d⁻¹.