β-环糊精及其衍生物与毒死蜱包合物杀灭蛴螬室内毒力测定

为研究β-环糊精(β-Cyclodextrin,β-CD)及其衍生物在农药高效利用和环境保护等领域中应用的可行性,制备了β-CD、HD-β-CD、Me-β-CD与毒死蜱的包合物,并在室内进行了包合物毒杀蛴螬成虫试验。结果表明:包合物的杀虫效率从大到小依次为毒死蜱-HP-β-CD、毒死蜱-Me-β-CD、毒死蜱-β-CD。     

Bioremedial potential of fenamiphos and chlorpyrifos degrading isolates: Influence of different environmental conditions

Previously isolated bacterial strains for chlorpyrifos and fenamiphos degradation were used to examine their potential as bioremedial agents in soils and water containing pesticide residues. Both, chlorpyrifos-degrading Enterobacter sp and fenamiphos-degrading consortium rapidly degraded pesticides when inoculated into natural and sterile water and soils. Degradation rate was slower in lower pH soils in comparison with natural and alkaline soils. Soil organic matter had no impact on pesticide degrading ability of isolates. Soil moisture <40% of maximum water-holding capacity slowed down degradation rate. The bacterial isolates were able to rapidly degrade fenamiphos and chlorpyrifos between 15 and 35 °C but their degradation ability was sharply reduced at 5 and 50 °C. Both groups of bacterial systems were also able to remove a range of pesticide degradation. An inoculum density of 10⁴ cells g⁻¹ of soil was required for initiating rapid growth and degradation. Ageing of pesticide in soils prior to inoculation produced contrasting results. Ageing of fenamiphos had no impact on subsequent degradation by the inoculated consortium. However, degradation of chlorpyrifos by Enterobacter sp after aging resulted in persistence of ∼10% of pesticide in soil matrix. Higher K_oc value of chlorpyrifos may have resulted in a lack of bioavailability of a smaller percentage of chlorpyrifos to degrading bacteria. Overall, this paper confirms bioremedial potential of a fenamiphos degrading consortium and a chlorpyrifos degrading bacterium under different soil and water characteristics.     

酶联免疫吸附分析法测定土壤中的毒死蜱

采用自制多克隆抗体,考察了pH值和甲醇含量对竞争反应的影响,并对反应体系进行了优化,最终建立了土壤中毒死蜱的残留检测ELISA方法。试验表明,毒死蜱对抗体竞争性结合的I50为76.8μg/L,方法检出限为5.2μg/L。土壤样品经简单前处理后,分别采用ELISA和GC测定,用ELISA方法测得土壤中毒死蜱的添加回收率为80.33%~83.36%,CV为5.28%~9.83%,最低检出限为0.005mg/kg,与GC测定结果基本相当,符合农药残留分析的要求。     

The Effect and Benefit of Rice Chilo suppressalis Walker Chemical Control Test of Chlorantrani-liprole etc.

In this paper, the first generation and second generation of Chilo sup-pressalis Walker were conducted as the test objects to investigate control of a new pesticide (chlorantraniliprole) with preparati...     

毒死蜱降解菌的筛选·鉴定·降解特性

[目的]筛选毒死蜱降解菌,了解其特性。[方法]从常年施用毒死蜱农药的水稻田土壤中筛选出1株能以毒死蜱为唯一碳源和能源的降解菌。[结果]降解菌DC1对浓度100 mg/L毒死蜱15 d的降解率可达到83.3%。通过16S r DNA序列同源性和系统发育分析,将该毒死蜱降解菌鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。系统发育表明,该菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的分支特基拉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus tequilensis)的亲缘关系最近。[结论]降解菌DC1来源于土壤,适应性强,对解决土壤中毒死蜱残留有一定的应用价值。     

毒死蜱在不同栽培方式小白菜上的残留动态研究

为在设施蔬菜上科学安全地使用农药毒死蜱,参照《农药残留试验准则》,采用田间试验和室内检测,对48%毒死蜱乳油在大棚、网室、露地不同栽培方式小白菜上的残留动态进行了对比研究。样品采用乙腈超声提取、弗罗里硅土固相萃取柱净化、气相色谱-电子捕获检测器分析测定,在0.01~0.5 mg/kg的添加水平下,毒死蜱的平均回收率为84.6%~98.8%,3次平行测定的相对标准偏差在3.7%~7.6%,检出限和定量限分别为0.005、0.01 mg/kg。田间试验结果表明,施药剂量为有效成分1152 g/hm~2时,毒死蜱在大棚、网室、露地小白菜上的原始沉积量较高,消解动态规律均符合一级动力学反应模型,半衰期为1.56~1.71天,属于易降解农药,消解速度与栽培方式有关,在小白菜上的消解速率由快到慢依次为露地网室大棚。施药剂量为有效成分576~1152 g/hm~2,施药1次或间隔7天连续施药2次,末次施药后14天,毒死蜱在不同栽培方式小白菜中的最终残留量均低于国内标准规定的MRL(0.1 mg/kg)。建议48%毒死蜱乳油在大棚、网室和露地栽培小白菜上使用时,施药剂量不高于有效成分1152 g/hm~2,施药1~2次,安全间隔期为14天,此时小白菜上的残留是安全的。     

毒死蜱对棉花根际土细菌群落多样性和结构的影响

通过室内盆栽试验模拟自然环境条件,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)和末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)技术,研究了土壤使用推荐剂量(5 mg·kg~(-1))及推荐剂量的2倍、3倍和4倍(10 mg·kg~(-1)、15 mg·kg~(-1)、20 mg·kg~(-1))毒死蜱对棉花根际土壤细菌群落多样性和结构的影响,以不施用毒死蜱的土壤为对照。结果表明,5 mg·kg~(-1)、10 mg·kg~(-1)、15 mg·kg~(-1)和20 mg·kg~(-1)毒死蜱在土壤中的半衰期分别为10.04 d、11.36 d、11.55 d和12.16 d,60 d时基本完全降解。毒死蜱处理60 d后,棉花生物量显著降低;毒死蜱浓度越高,棉花生物量越低。无毒死蜱条件下不同取样时间根际细菌多样性无显著差异,毒死蜱处理组前30 d细菌多样性均显著降低,60 d时毒死蜱处理组细菌多样性恢复到正常水平。研究发现毒死蜱浓度越高对细菌多样性抑制作用越显著,恢复越缓慢。主成分分析结果发现,第10 d、30 d和60 d毒死蜱处理组与对照组细菌群落结构差异显著,其中60 d时20 mg·kg~(-1)毒死蜱处理组差异最显著,即使土壤中毒死蜱完全降解,根际细菌群落结构仍不会恢复到正常水平。60 d时,被毒死蜱抑制的细菌有硝化刺菌属(Nitrospina sp.)和Cellulophaga sp.等,被激活的有芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)和链霉菌属(Streptomyces sp.)等。可见,毒死蜱的引入,重新构建了土壤细菌群落结构,显著影响棉花生长,对棉花根际土壤微生态环境冲击较大,应对其生态安全性予以重视。     

有机磷杀虫剂毒死蜱人工抗原的合成与鉴定

 以杀虫剂毒死蜱为起始原料 ,在碱性条件下与 3 巯基丙酸反应 ,合成了半抗原O ,O 二乙基 O [3,5 二氯 6 (2 羧乙基 )硫代 2 吡啶基 ]硫逐磷酸酯 (简称AR) ,然后分别与牛血清白蛋白 (BSA)和卵清白蛋白 (OVA) ,经过碳二亚胺法和混合酸酐法偶联反应得到了免疫抗原和包被抗原 ,其结合比分别为 39∶1和 13∶1。用所得的免疫抗原免疫兔子获得了效价较高的多克隆抗体。