Selection of soybean elite cultivars based on phenotypic and genomic characters related to lodging tolerance

Soybean lodging can result in serious yield reduction. Detecting the quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with lodging tolerance for their further application in marker‐assisted selection (MAS) has the potential to enhance soybean breeding efficiency. In this study, a genome‐wide association analysis (GWAS) was performed to identify soybean accessions that could potentially be used to produce lodging‐tolerant varieties, based on the comprehensive evaluation of lodging scores (LS) obtained for the parental cultivar “Tokachi nagaha” and its 137 derived cultivars. Results showed that genotype, environment and genotype × environment interaction significantly influenced LS. Of the 31 significant SNPs identified, 22 were consistently detected in two or more environments and 27 SNPs were located in or close to agronomically important QTL mapped by linkage analysis. Best linear unbiased predictors (BLUPs) of LS tend to decrease with the elite alleles contained by accessions increasing. Some excellent accessions, with lower BLUPs and D_i (stability coefficients) values and more elite alleles, were selected. This study contributed to understand the genetic mechanism of lodging, providing genetic and phenotypic information for MAS.     

Genomewide association study reveals novel quantitative trait loci associated with resistance towards Septoria tritici blotch in North European winter wheat

Fungal diseases are a major constraint for wheat production. Effective disease resistance is essential for ensuring a high production quality and yield. One of the most severe fungal diseases of wheat is Septoria tritici blotch (STB), which influences wheat production across the world. In this study, genomewide association mapping was used to identify new chromosomal regions on the wheat genome conferring effective resistance towards STB. A winter wheat population of 164 North European varieties and breeding lines was genotyped with 15K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) wheat array. The varieties were evaluated for STB in field trials at three locations in Denmark and across 3 years. The association analysis revealed four quantitative trait loci, on chromosomes 1B, 2A, 5D and 7A, highly associated with STB resistance. By comparing varieties containing several quantitative trait loci (QTL) with varieties containing none of the found QTL, a significant difference was found in the mean disease score. This indicates that an effective resistance can be obtained by pyramiding several QTL.     

芝麻黄化突变体YL1的叶片解剖学及光合特性

表型性状标记在作物遗传育种中具有重要的应用价值。在芝麻地方种质"庙前芝麻"中发现了能够稳定遗传的黄化突变体YL1,对该突变体的叶片解剖特征、光合特性及农艺性状的比较分析表明,突变体YL1黄化心叶和平展叶在各个发育时期的叶绿体结构均与同时期野生型存在明显差异,下表皮气孔保卫细胞数是正常叶的2倍左右。YL1的叶绿素a、总叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量均只有同时期正常含量的30%~40%,叶绿素b含量只有正常叶的20%;光合速率在初花期及以前均显著低于同期正常叶,但到终花期与正常叶相当;YL1的生育期和初花期显著推迟,株高和单株蒴果数明显降低,每蒴粒数和千粒重略微降低。显微观察表明,YL1的叶绿体形态结构发育不规则,基粒和基粒片层数目明显少于野生型,使得叶绿素含量过低,属于叶绿体发育异常导致的叶绿素缺少型突变体。     

生物学自主设计型实验探索——以叶绿体DNA提取为例

指出了分子生物学是生命科学相关学科的主干课程,具有很强的实践性。同时,学生掌握分子生物学的实验方法和技术手段,对培养自身科研能力具有重要意义。结合当前高校对于绿色植物叶绿体DNA提取的实验,从丰富教学方法、更新教学手段、改进考核方式等方面进行了改革与探索。以期提高学生学习质量,强化实验技能及综合能力培养,为高校培养高素质创新型人才奠定基础。     

稻瘟菌基因组规模分泌蛋白的预测分析

利用信号肽分析软件SignalP v3．0，亚细胞器蛋白定位软件TargetP v1．01，GPI-锚定位点软件big—PI Predictor和跨膜螺旋结构软件THMM-2．0这4个软件分析预测稻瘟菌12595个蛋白序列中有1134个分泌蛋白。编码这些蛋白的可读框（ORF）最小值为78bp，最大值为7849bp，平均1231bp。引导它们的信号肽长度介于15—45个氨基酸之间，平均为21个氨基酸。435个分泌蛋白具有功能描述，主要是与代谢有关的酶类。分析了其中降解细胞壁组分和与致病相关的酶类，提示在稻瘟菌侵染水稻不同阶段产生的关键酶及基因的功能需进一步研究。     

黄秋葵基因组DNA提取及鉴定

黄秋葵细胞内含有丰富的果胶类多糖等次生物质,降低了从中提取总DNA的产量和质量。为了获得高质量的基因组DNA,采用改进的十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）法进行提取,并对总DNA进行了纯度和浓度的鉴定。结果表明,改良的CTAB法可有效去除次生物质对DNA的干扰,降低DNA的粘稠度,样品DNA的质量和纯度较高,可用于随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）扩增等分子标记分析。     

Construction and Characterization of Grass Carp （Ctenopharyngodon idellus） Fosmid Library

Grass carp （Ctenopharyngodon idellus） genomic fosmid library cotaining 129 014 clones was constructed and characterized from one diploid grass carp. The average insert size of the fosmid library was determined to be 35 kb by pulsed field gel electrophoresis, which is 4.1-fold coverage of the grass carp genome. To demonstrate the probability of picking the functional genes from the library, eleven functional genes were screened by three-dimensional PCR technique. The number of positive clones of these genes was from 1 to 6. So, this library may screen any useful genes from grass carp. This grass carp genome fosmid library will be integrated in the presently ongoing efforts to determine the sequence of the grass carp genome.     

部分箬竹属植物的叶绿体DNA分析（摘要）

[目的]研究箬竹属植物和赤族属植物的亲缘关系。[方法]以箬竹属13个竹种及其近缘的赤竹属3个竹种为材料,采用PCR方法扩增叶绿体trnL-trnF间隔区基因片段,并对其进行序列分析,构建系统树。[结果]利用已发表的trnL-trnF序列通用引物扩增出长度为1008～1103bp的trnL-trnF片段,比较长度为940bp。cpDNA序列聚类将箬竹属与赤竹属竹种混合聚在一起,同源性为99%以上,可分为五组。其中,髯毛箬竹、广东箬竹、小叶箬竹、华箬竹、毛鞘箬竹、矮箬竹、胜利箬竹、箬竹、箬叶竹、粽巴箬竹、翠竹和菲白竹12个竹种聚为一组;泡箬竹、天目箬竹、阔叶箬竹和美丽箬竹4个竹种各自成一组。[结论]竹种间的同源性极高表现为较慢的进化速率,提供的信息位点很少,不能很好地解决箬竹属种间的系统学问题。     

应用SSR分子标记评价不同年代东北三省粳稻基因组遗传构成

为进一步明确北方粳型水稻基因组遗传构成,利用52个SSR分子标记对79份不同时期东北粳稻品种进行遗传多样性与基因组遗传构成的研究.结果表明:品种遗传多样性在省份间呈现出辽宁＞黑龙江＞吉林,在年代间呈现出2001～2008＞1981～1990＞1991～2000＞1963～1980的趋势;基因组籼稻成分比例表现为辽宁品种...     

一种快速微量提取柑橘早期胚基因组DNA的方法

[目的]建立一种快速微量提取柑橘基因组DNA的方法。[方法]采用优化的CTAB微量提取法,以20.0、10.0、5.0、2.5 mg早期杂种胚为材料进行基因组DNA的提取,并对其DNA进行质量检测和SSR验证。[结果]该方法简单易行,所需材料少,提取的DNA纯度较高,OD260nm/OD280nm在1.800～2.000,可满足SSR等以PCR扩增为基础的试验需要。[结论]建立的方法可以用于快速微量提取柑橘基因组DNA。