明代海南森林变迁及原因分析

海南岛高温多湿,适宜各种热带树木的生长,是我国热带林木面积最大和最典型的地区。但是随着明朝统治者对该区进行的全面开发和利用,在该时期,海南岛森林遭到较为严重的破坏,以致当地的生态环境逐渐恶化。对明代海南森林变迁及其原因进行深入研究,结果表明,当前海南林业的发展,除了要适应当地特殊的热带地理和气候条件外,更要加强对人为干扰因素的监控力度。     

邵阳市区60年来的冷暖变化特征

以年平均气温的距平值作为划分冷暖的依据,初步讨论了以邵阳市近60年资料为主,结合邻近邵阳市的邵东县与邵阳县的相应变化趋势,总结出邵阳市区的冷暖变化特征。结果表明,近60年来邵阳市区的气候是变暖的,气温年较差是缓慢递减的;邵阳市区近60年交替出现了4个寒冷期和4个温暖期,冷暖变化交替出现;寒期汛期雨量偏多,涝比旱重,暖期汛期雨量偏少,旱比涝重,干旱频率从90年代开始不断增加,到21世纪几乎年年有旱。     

纳帕海湿地退化对碳氮积累影响的研究

以纳帕海原生沼泽湿地作为参照,选择人为干扰下的草甸作为研究对象,研究人为干扰对纳帕海湿地土壤碳氮积累的影响。结果表明,原生沼泽演化为草甸后,土壤容重增加,土壤含水量降低;原生沼泽的C／N值较大;纳帕海湿地土壤的有机碳和氮含量在空间分布上是不平衡的,且土壤全氮空间分布呈现与有机碳相同的趋势,在垂直空间分布上,土壤有机碳0～20cm表层与20～40cm下层相差15倍,土壤全氮0～20cm表层与20～40cm下层相差8倍;在水平空间分布上,0～20cm表层的有机碳相差7倍,20～40cm下层的有机碳相差15倍;0～20cm表层的全氮相差5倍,20～40cm下层的全氮相差8倍,并经估算,表明纳帕海湿地退化为草甸后,导致有机碳的损失约为4．44×10^9t,损失率为89．4％,氮的损失约为2．43×10^8t,损失率为79．67％,损失的碳氮以CO2、C地和NO2等温室气体的形式释放到大气中,加重温室气体对全球气候的影响。     

Long-term trends in vegetation changes of managed versus unmanaged Eastern Carpathian beech forests

A vegetation survey of semi-permanent plots was conducted between years 1955–1962 and 2005–2009, and aimed to determine floristic changes occurring in beech forests located on a scarcely populated, dense forest area. The survey encompassed all natural beech forest types within the Polish part of the “Eastern Carpathians” International Reserve of Biosphere. A comparison of trends in changes between unmanaged (Bieszczady National Park) and managed (the remaining part of the Biosphere Reserve) forests was attempted. DCA analysis was used for the determination of changes on the community level. The density of vegetation, species richness, frequency of occurrence and cover, and functional groups of species were determined. Much more profound community changes were determined to have occurred in managed beech forests. However, a similar direction in vegetation changes within both managed and unmanaged forests verifies the existence of a regional pattern of changes in beech forests. This regional pattern involves (1) a decrease in the shares of arborescent species within the shrub layer, (2) disturbance of the canopy layer, (3) acidification of the top layer of the soil, (4) change of light conditions, (5) increase in shares of generalist species and decrease in shares of specialist species. A decreasing anthropogenic pressure, aging of forest stands, functioning of large, dense forest areas and sustainable forest management strategies forestry management system mimicking natural deciduous forest disturbance regime constitute factors shaping the regional changes of the forest vegetation. The undergoing changes can lead to biotic and spatial homogenization of the Eastern Carpathian beech forests.     

Stand-scale transpiration estimates in a Moso bamboo forest: (I) Applicability of sap flux measurements

The applicability of sap flux (F_d) measurements to bamboo forests has not been studied. This study was undertaken to establish an optimal and effective design for stand-scale transpiration (E) estimates in a Moso bamboo forest. To this aim, we validated F_d measurements in Moso bamboos in a cut bamboo experiment. In addition, we analyzed how sample sizes affect the reliability of E estimates calculated from F_d and conducting culm area (A_{S_b}). In the cut bamboo experiments, we found that F_d measurement using a 10 mm probe was a valid means of determining the water-use behavior of a Moso bamboo, although a specific correction was needed. Furthermore, we calculated E from stand A_{S_b} (A_{S_stand}) and mean stand F_d (J_S). Employing Monte Carlo analysis, we examined potential errors associated with sample size in E, A_{S_stand}, and J_S using an original dataset with A_{S_b} and F_d measured for 40 and 16 individuals, respectively. Consequently, we determined the optimal sample size for both A_{S_stand} and J_S estimates as 11. The optimal sample sizes for J_S were almost the same under different vapor pressure deficit and soil moisture conditions. The optimal sample size for J_S at the study site was less than that of a coniferous plantation in the same region probably owing to small individual-to-individual variations in sap flux in the Moso bamboo forest. Our study concludes that sap flux measurements are an applicable technique for assessing water use in Moso bamboo forests.     

乌苏大雾气候特征及变化分析

通过乌苏1954～2009年的大雾实测资料,对其时空分布特征进行了分析。结果表明,乌苏地区大雾天气主要发生在秋末至翌年春初,以12月出现最多,1月最少,具有显著的地域性特征和季节分布特征,但年际间大雾日数呈不规律状,虽与全国近10年雾日呈减少的趋势一致,但表现却并不显著。高空均压场和地面气压场形势与大雾的形成有着直接的关系。     

基于DEM的哈尔滨市土地利用类型动态变化

以3个时期(1995、2000和2007年)Landsat TM影像为主要数据源,借助于ArcGIS对DEM派生的地形因子和不同时期的土地利用类型进行叠加分析,得到不同地形因子的土地利用类型分布情况,进而定量分析土地利用类型的变化与地形因子的关系。结果表明:耕地和林地面积之和所占的比例最大,3个时期分别为81.63%、82.07%和79.35%;1995—2007年间,未利用地和草地面积持续减少,居民工矿用地面积持续增加;耕地在平坡、第一高程带和无坡向区域所占的面积比例最大,平坡和无坡向是其优势区域,面积百分比均大于60%,且2000年的面积比例最大,2007年的最小;林地在不同海拔和坡度都有分布,半阳坡和半阴坡为其优势区域,2007年的面积比例最大,1995年的最小;水域、居民工矿用地和未利用地受坡向的影响较小,但随着高程和坡度的增加面积减小。     

不同麻龄剑麻硫与微量元素含量的动态变化

为了解不同生长时期土壤微量营养元素供应状况以及剑麻对微量元素养分的吸收利用特点,以期为微量元素肥料的合理施用提供理论依据。通过对山圩农场不同麻龄(1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15龄)剑麻土壤及根、茎、叶微量元素含量进行调查分析。结果表明:1~15龄剑麻地上部每株中硫和微量元素积累量分别为硫0.3~6.5 kg、锌10.8~120.4 mg、铜3.8~84.2 mg、硼21.7~334.8 mg、钼0.12~3.20 mg、氯0.13~5.81 g,土壤中微量元素有效态含量变化范围分别为有效硫34.0~89.1 mg/kg、有效锌0.73~2.20 mg/kg、有效铜0.73~2.20 mg/kg、有效硼0.11~0.21 mg/kg、有效钼0.12~0.24 mg/kg、有效氯28~38 mg/kg。不同器官硫含量大小表现为茎叶根,氯含量大小表现为叶茎根。硫在1~3、7~9龄出现快速积累期,而锌、铜、硼、钼均出现在1~3龄,氯积累量随着麻龄增加而稳定上升。不同麻龄土壤有效硫含量均处于丰富水平,有效锌总体处于中等偏低水平,有效硼含量总体处于极低水平。     

济宁市秋冬积温变迁及其对冬小麦生长的影响

利用济宁市1967-2006年的气象资料及小麦秋冬季生长发育资料,分越冬前和越冬期分析了秋冬积温变迁及其对冬小麦生长发育的影响。结果表明,1967年以来,每10 a平均冬前≥0℃积温及其≥700℃.d的几率、≥750℃.d的几率、≥800℃.d的几率均显著增加,越冬期≥0℃积温也显著增加,而负积温显著减少;冬小麦冬前旺长年的几率增加、旺长程度加重,越冬期间生长量加大。因此,早播麦田适宜播期应推迟到10月5日-9日,不宜早于10月5日,遇暖秋（10月上旬旬均温≥18℃）年开播时间可推迟至10月10日,偏春性半冬性品种在上述各适宜播期的基础上应再推迟5d,以便有效预防冬前旺长和越冬期冻害。     

呼和浩特市硫酸盐化速率变化规律及防治对策和研究

依据2002年~2006年的监测数据,对呼和浩特市大气硫酸盐化速率的时空变化规律及趋势进行分析,为防治二氧化硫污染制定相应对策提供科学依据。