不同土壤水分条件下玉米叶片/冠层气孔导度的光谱监测模型

通过玉米水分控制试验,测定不同水分条件下各生育期叶片气孔导度、叶面积指数和冠层光谱反射率等,以分析玉米叶片气孔导度的变化规律及其与光谱植被指数的相关性,从而建立基于光谱植被指数和土壤湿度的叶片气孔导度模型。结果表明：玉米在可见光区和近红外中、长波区的反射率随着土壤水分的降低而上升,但叶片气孔导度（Gs）、叶面积指数（LAI）、比值植被指数（RVI）和归一化植被指数（NDVI）随着土壤水分的下降而降低;玉米NDVI和RVI与单叶片和冠层气孔导度均呈极显著指数函数关系（P〈0.01）,且对单叶片气孔导度的拟合效果优于对冠层导度的拟合效果,而经土壤湿度订正的RVI监测模型优于NDVI监测模型。表明通过测定冠层反射光谱率可实时、迅速地定量监测玉米叶片的气孔导度,为大面积作物气孔导度估算奠定基础。     

Applying a Lagrangian dispersion analysis to infer carbon dioxide and latent heat fluxes in a corn canopy

Warland and Thurtell (2000) proposed an analytical dispersion Lagrangian analysis (hereafter WT analysis) to relate the mean scalar concentration field to source profiles inside the canopy. The first objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the WT analysis with existing turbulence statistics parameterizations in a corn canopy, by comparing its inferred net ecosystem CO₂ exchange (NEE) and latent heat flux (λE) with eddy covariance measurements. The second objective was to assess the performance of the WT analysis to infer the soil CO₂ flux. Four parameterizations of turbulence statistics were used to estimate Lagrangian time scale (T_L) and standard deviation of vertical wind velocity (σ_w) profiles. The estimated T_L and σ_w profiles were then corrected for atmospheric stability conditions. The field experiment was carried out in a corn field from August to October 2007 and 2008. Profiles of water vapour and CO₂ mixing ratios were measured using a multiport sampling system connected to an infrared gas analyzer. Wind velocity within and above the canopy and eddy covariance measurements over the canopy were taken. The soil respiration, estimated using the WT analysis, was compared to estimates obtained by an empirical model. WT analysis fluxes showed good correlation (R² = 0.77-0.88) with NEE and λE obtained by the eddy covariance technique, but overestimated net fluxes, especially when corrections for atmospheric stability were applied. The optimization of T_L and σ_w profiles using in-canopy turbulence measurements improved the agreement between measured and modeled NEE and λE. Inferred soil CO₂ fluxes were underestimated and were poorly correlated (R² = 0.02-0.01) with estimates obtained using an empirical model based on soil temperature. This poor performance in estimating the soil respiration is likely caused by the decoupling between inside and above canopy flows.     

磷营养胁迫对冬小麦冠层光谱的影响

因为磷素重要的营养作用,其胁迫的存在影响冬小麦的正常生长。借助地面遥感仪器获取冬小麦在磷营养胁迫下的多个生育期里的冠层光谱数据并对其影响特征进行了分析。利用因子分析方法提取主因子与含有丰富信息的光谱变量,并结合极显著水平(0.01)的均值比较与检验过程考察了冬小麦冠层光谱,确定了对磷营养胁迫敏感的光谱波段:760nm,810nm和870nm与950nm,并在此基础上结合冬小麦对磷素的吸收利用特征选定了运用冠层光谱敏感波段反射率探测和区分磷营养胁迫的关键生育期:拔节期。结果同时表明,对冬小麦磷营养胁迫而言,近红外区间(760nm~1100nm)光谱反射特征的区分能力要强于可见光区。本文同时指出了研究与发展利用遥感技术进行营养胁迫监测的方法和着重点。     

干热河谷冲沟侵蚀劣地不同坡位草被生长和土壤水分关系研究

金沙江干热河谷区冲沟侵蚀极为发育,形成大量侵蚀劣地,对该区域侵蚀劣地不同坡位草被生长特征和土壤水分状况进行了调查分析。结果表明,1)侵蚀劣地不同坡位草被生长差异较大,草被盖度和地上生物量大小均表现为:坡上部坡中部坡下部,且坡下部与坡上部和坡中部之间草被生长状况存在极显著差异(P0.01);2)同等降雨状况下,不同坡位土壤水分含量随时间延长均呈现指数递减趋势,但其衰减速率不同,导致土壤水分含量存在差异,衰减速率表现为:坡上部坡中部坡下部,土壤水分含量表现为相反顺序;3)监测时段内土壤水分(土壤平均含水量和末次土壤含水量)与草被覆盖度和生物量之间均呈现极显著正相关关系(P0.01),说明侵蚀劣地不同坡位下土壤水分差异是决定草被生长差异的关键因素。     

高等学校法律地位研究

从考察我国高等学校法律地位的理论与现状入手,分析了高等学校在法律地位上存在的问题,探讨了高等学校的教育权,认为：当前我国高等学校的法律地位主要取决于高校自身所具有的多种社会职能,以及由多种社会职能所必然带来的法律特征.     

株型对玉米群体光合速率和产量的影响

在大田条件下，采用人工改变株型的方法，比较了原型（平展型）与改型（紧凑型）玉米不同密度的群体光合速率，结果表明，改型群体光合速率比原型平均提高１７．２％，籽粒产量增加５．３％￣８．６％。抽丝期群体光合速率和籽粒产量之间呈极显著的正相关（ｒ＝０．８６９２）。改型玉米群体内光合有效辐射、ＣＯ２浓度分布比原型相对的“均匀”，是群体光合速率较高的重要原因，认为玉米作物的优化群体结构为紧凑型玉米个体所组成的     

论鸦片战争前茶叶在中美贸易中的地位及其成因

荷兰人将中国茶带到美洲殖民地,英国人将饮茶习惯普及。独立后的美国迫切展开与中国直接贸易,1784年“中国皇后号”的首航标志着中美贸易的开端。从首次贸易到鸦片战争时期,茶叶始终占据了中美贸易的核心商品地位,且在美国对华贸易商品中所占比例整体呈稳步增长趋势。美国对茶叶的消费需求、经济发展的需要以及华商对美商提供的有利的交易方式等因素促进了中美茶叶贸易的发展,茶叶贸易也给美国早期的发展带来了重大的影响。     

Automated canopy temperature estimation via infrared thermography: A first step towards automated plant water stress monitoring

Canopy temperature estimation is an important process for plant water status monitoring. In this paper the problem for measurement data of the scene acquired via an infrared (IR) thermography system is considered. An optical image taken from the plant canopy is aligned with the underlying IR image, so that plant leaf area can be extracted via simple colour identification techniques and then the temperature distribution of the leaf area is obtained. The success of this procedure relies on the assumption that both optical-IR image alignment and leaf area extraction are perfect. In practice, such assumptions are rarely justifiable and the computed result can often be found undesirable. Particularly, the simple colour identification technique fails when temperatures of reference leaves, which are embedded in the canopy and provide known conductance to water vapour, are required to be estimated. In this paper, we address this issue and propose a novel algorithm to solve the problem. The underlying plant leaf temperature distribution is considered to be the fusion of two temperature densities separable via a combination of colour identification and Gaussian mixture distribution extraction techniques. A N-average method is tested with moderate success to estimate reference leaf temperatures from the estimated leaf temperature distribution. Our experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and consistency of the proposed algorithm.     

森林对土壤侵蚀的调控作用研究综述

土壤侵蚀会带来严重的生态环境问题,森林具有很好地调控土壤侵蚀的作用,在此主要从森林植物的林冠层、枯枝落叶层以及根系3个方面阐述了森林的蓄水保土作用,并提出了这3个层次各自的调控特点及研究中存在的一些问题.