温棚番茄灰霉病的早期防治技术

番茄灰霉病是番茄的主要病害之一,它不仅为害叶片、花、茎,还严重危害果实,尤其以青果发病最重,摸索出一套番茄灰霉病早期防治技术,防治效果十分显著。     

鸡源鲍氏志贺菌的RAPD分析

【目的】确定鸡源鲍氏志贺菌的进化地位。【方法】选用6条随机引物(P1~P6),采用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)技术,对1株鸡源鲍氏志贺菌、2株鸡白痢沙门菌、2株鸡肠致病性大肠杆菌和2株痢疾志贺菌共7株菌的基因组DNA进行分析,同时对个别特殊序列进行克隆测序,并在此基础上分析了鸡源鲍氏志贺菌与其他15个相关菌株的进化关系。【结果】6条随机引物中有4条引物(P1,P2,P4和P6)能较好地在志贺菌、鸡白痢沙门氏菌和鸡致病性大肠杆菌3种菌中检测到多态性分子标记;这4条有效引物共扩增出了64个DNA片段,其中7个菌株共有的谱带有3条,多态性片段有61条,多态率达95.3%。引物P2可根据扩增图谱将志贺菌和大肠杆菌与沙门菌鉴别出来;用引物P6对上述7株细菌进行扩增,发现同种菌株间谱带特别相似,其中鸡鲍氏志贺菌与人痢疾志贺菌扩增条带的相同率达66.7%,与鸡肠致病性大肠杆菌扩增条带的相同率达44.4%,而鸡白痢沙门菌与志贺菌的扩增谱带相差甚远,可用于3种细菌的鉴别。对扩增片段进行的测序及进化分析结果显示,鸡源鲍氏志贺菌与人源志贺菌的进化距离最近。【结论】鸡源鲍氏志贺菌可能是人源志贺菌的一个变异株或新的亚种。     

冀北山地萌生白桦每丛合理保留株数的研究

[目的]为确定萌生白桦每丛合理保留株数提供参考意见。[方法]以河北省承德市白桦树为研究对象,调查萌芽林中龄时期（29年）每丛不同保留株数林木生长状况,并研究保留株数与伐桩直径及郁闭度的关系。[结果]林龄29年的萌生树已发育成独立的植株,其林分密度2 139株/hm^2,蓄积量73.5266 m^3/hm^2,平均直径9.61 cm,郁闭度0.8,平均株高11.5 m;林分平均直径随每丛保留株数的增加呈低-高-低的变化趋势;在3～5株丛密度下,薪材材积比与株数比分别为3.7%～4.3%和9.4%～14.3%。丛密度为5株时,薪材出现频率最高（62.5%）;伐桩断面积D0与生长于其上的萌生树胸高断面积之和的回归方程为G1.3=67.5565＋0.4374D0（r=0.7341〉r0.01）。丛密度与郁闭度呈极显著负相关（P〈0.01）。[结论]萌生白桦每丛保留株数应视伐桩直径和周边郁闭度大小而定,一般3～5株/丛较适宜。     

森林对土壤侵蚀的调控作用研究综述

土壤侵蚀会带来严重的生态环境问题,森林具有很好地调控土壤侵蚀的作用,在此主要从森林植物的林冠层、枯枝落叶层以及根系3个方面阐述了森林的蓄水保土作用,并提出了这3个层次各自的调控特点及研究中存在的一些问题.     

基于混沌的超声物位检测系统的研究

物位检测技术在现代化工业控制中占有重要地位。由于现场具体的安装环境不同,被测介质种类和状态不同,情况异常复杂,因此必须根据具体的现场工况,合理地选择物位检测的方法和产品。为此,提出了一种基于混沌理论的超声波物位检测系统,并论述了信号处理方法,从而能准确识别噪声干扰与超声波回波信号,提高了物位检测精度。     

可穿戴设备部署位置对羊只行为识别的影响与分析

羊只的行为状态能够直接反映其健康状况及所处的生理阶段,为实现自动化的羊只行为识别,以圈养的小尾寒羊为试验对象,构建一个基于加速度传感器的可穿戴式行为监测装置。利用MPU9250为核心的九轴姿态传感器采集羊只静止、行走和进食的行为信息,并将传感器分别部署在羊只颈部、背部靠近前腿处、前腿和后腿四个不同的位置。对于采集的数据,利用去噪和降维进行预处理,并分别利用k-means和SVM进行分类识别。k-means均值聚类算法对颈部处的行为识别准确率最高,为79.34%,SVM支持向量机算法对颈部处的行为识别准确率最高,为92.63%。SVM算法用于羊只行为识别的整体准确率高于k-means,且传感器部署在羊只颈部时在不同识别方法下,识别效率均优于其他部位。研究结果对于构建自动化的羊只行为检测系统具有重要的现实意义。     

网式过滤器拦截率计算及其影响因素分析

为了使网式过滤器在工程应用中既保持滤网良好渗透率又提高滤网拦截率,该研究通过试验,分析了5种不同入口压强(0.02、0.04、0.06、0.08、0.10 MPa)、7种滤网孔径(125、150、180、210、250、300和350μm)及其与砂粒中值粒径的关系对过滤器拦截率的影响.结果表明:当滤网孔径与砂粒中值粒径...     

土壤温度对作物根区环境及玉米根冠生长的调控研究进展

土壤温度对作物的生长发育具有很强的调控作用。在全球气候变化背景下,根区土壤温度对玉米生长的影响及其调控机制已成为当前研究的一个热点。结合目前农业生产中土壤低温和高温对玉米造成危害的现状,从土壤温度对作物根区土壤环境以及玉米根系生长、冠层发育与产量形成的影响方面,综述土壤温度对玉米生长发育调控作用的研究进展,介绍改变土壤温度的措施以及对玉米土壤温度研究的发展方向进行展望,为今后的研究提供参考。     

Estimation of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) leaf nitrogen content at different growth stages using canopy reflectance spectra

The estimation of crop nitrogen status in fresh vegetation leaf using field spectroscopy is challenging due to the weak responses on leaf/canopy reflectance and the overlapping with the absorption features of other compounds. Although the spectral indices were proposed in the literature to predict leaf nitrogen content (LNC), the performance of selected spectral indices to estimate the LNC is often inconsistent. Moreover, the models for nitrogen content estimation changed with the growth stage. The goal of this study was to evaluate the performance of published indices, ratio of data difference index (RDDI) and ratio of data index (RDI) developed by band iterative-optimization algorithm in LNC estimation. The correlation analysis, linear regression and cross validation were used to analyze the relationship between spectral data and LNC and construct the best performed estimation model. The study was conducted by the data of five growing seasons of litchi from the orchards in Guangdong Province of China. Results showed that the relationship between chlorophyll (Chl) related spectral indices and LNC varied with the growth stage. Even in flower bud morphological differentiation stage and autumn shoot maturation stage, there were not significant correlations between the proposed spectral indices and LNC. Besides it is difficult to estimate the LNC by the general model across the growth stages due to the integrated effects of cultivar, biochemical, canopy structure, etc. The band iterative-optimization algorithm can improve the sensitivity of spectral data to LNC to some extent. The optimal RDDI performed better than other indices for the synthetic dataset and the dataset in each growth stage. And the sensitive bands selected in the optimal indices at each growth stage are not consistent, which are not only related to the Chl absorption but also other biochemical components, such as starch, lignin, cellulose, protein, etc. In general, the LNC can be estimated by the optimized CR-based RDDI indices in autumn shoot maturation stage, flower spike stage, fruit maturation stage, and flowering stage with the R² > 0.50 and RMSE < 0.14. Although there were the significant relationship between RDIs and RDDIs in flower bud morphological differentiation stage, the highest R²s of the model developed by RDDIs and RDIs were less than 0.50 in cross validation. This study indicated that the applicability of canopy reflectance to estimate litchi LNC was closely related to the growth stage of litchi. Growth stage-specific models will be preferred for estimating litchi LNC estimation.     

遮雨棚设施结构对枣园温湿度的影响

笔者以7年生-10年生壶瓶枣树为试材，研究了遮雨棚栽培与大田栽培条件下温湿度变化规律和差异。结果表明：遮雨棚在晴天高温时有降温的作用，而阴雨天温度较低时则有保温的作用；遮雨棚阻碍了水分蒸发，使得相同条件下棚内湿度高于棚外；雨后棚内与棚外温度变化趋势基本一致，棚外湿度变化剧烈，棚内较为缓和。