苏云金芽胞杆菌微胶囊剂的制备及其抗紫外线降解活性研究

以邻苯二甲酸醋酸纤维素(CAP)为囊材,以Bt原粉为囊芯,添加紫外线吸收剂,制备Bt微胶囊刺,并用生物测定的方法对Bt微胶囊剂抗紫外线降解能力与Bt原粉进行比较.结果表明,Bt微胶囊剂热贮(54±2℃,14d)后效价下降约5%;经紫外线照射处理后,Bt原粉效价活性保留率为24.30%,Bt微胶囊剂效价活性保留率为67.60%,抗紫外线降解能力比Bt原粉提高约43%.田间药效试验结果显示,在相同施药量5g·666.7 m-2处理下,Bt微胶囊剂药后3、5、7 d的校正防效均高于Bt原粉;Bt原粉的防效在药后5 d开始下降,而Bt微胶囊剂的残效期可达1周以上.     

Soil Conservation in Europe: Wish or Reality?

Nearly all of Europe is affected by soil erosion. A major policy response is required to reverse the impacts of erosion in degraded areas, particularly in light of the current climate change and water crisis. Soil loss occurs not because of any lack of knowledge on how to protect soils, but a lack in policy governance. The average rate of soil loss by sheet and rill erosion in Europe is 2·46 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. To mitigate the impacts of soil erosion, the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy has introduced conservation measures which reduce soil loss by water erosion by 20% in arable lands. Further economic and political action should rebrand the value of soil as part of ecosystem services, increase the income of rural land owners, involve young farmers and organize regional services for licensing land use changes. In a changing World of 9 billion people with the challenge of climate change, water scarcity and depletion of soil fertility, the agriculture economy should evolve taking into account environmental and ecological aspects. © 2016 The Authors Journal of Land Degradation & Development Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

Analysis and simulation of land-use change in the central Arizona – Phoenix region,USA

To understand how urbanization has transformed the desert landscape in the central Arizona – Phoenix region of the United States, we conducted a series of spatial analyses of the land-use pattern from 1912–1995. The results of the spatial analysis show that the extent of urban area has increased exponentially for the past 83 years, and this urban expansion is correlated with the increase in population size for the same period of time. The accelerating urbanization process has increased the degree of fragmentation and structural complexity of the desert landscape. To simulate land-use change we developed a Markov-cellular automata model. Model parameters and neighborhood rules were obtained both empirically and with a modified genetic algorithm. Land-use maps for 1975 and 1995 were used to implement the model at two distinct spatial scales with a time step of one year. Model performance was evaluated using Monte-Carlo confidence interval estimation for selected landscape pattern indices. The coarse-scale model simulated the statistical patterns of the landscape at a higher accuracy than the fine-scale model. The empirically derived parameter set poorly simulated land-use change as compared to the optimized parameter set. In summary, our results showed that landscape pattern metrics (patch density, edge density, fractal dimension, contagion) together were able to effectively capture the trend in land-use associated with urbanization for this region. The Markov-cellular automata parameterized by a modified genetic algorithm reasonably replicated the change in land-use pattern.     

不同生态条件下玉米的群体光合速率特性比较

[目的]研究玉米在不同生态条件下的光合生产规律及特性。[方法]利用分期播种的方法,对山东品种玉米掖单22和新疆品种Sc704在新疆石河子的不同播期群体光合特征进行比较。[结果]结果表明,CAP的高值持续期,4月10日播期与4月25日播期为52 d,5月25日播期为43 d左右;各播期的CAP高值持续期均在大口至乳熟后期。[结论]Yd22的表观光合速率始终大于Sc704,具有较好的光合特性。     

鸡肌肉组织中氯霉素残留ELISA检测方法的研究

本文利用活化酯法合成了氯霉素抗原 ,作为免疫原免疫新西兰大耳白兔得到氯霉素的多克隆抗体 ,建立了氯霉素间接竞争酶联免疫检测方法 ,进行了药物交叉反应性试验 ,并对鸡肌肉进行添加回收试验。结果显示抗体效价可达 1∶ 6 4 0 0 0 0 ,IC50 为 1.3ng/ ml,最低检测限达到 0 .0 5 ng/ ml,线性检测范围为 0 .1～ 36 .4 5 ng/ ml。在 0 .5、1、2 .5、5 ng/ g浓度水平添加到鸡肌肉组织中 ,测得回收率为 5 5 .4 %～ 119.0 % ,变异系数为 4 .3%～ 10 .4 %。该 EL ISA方法快速、灵敏、方便 ,满足了氯霉素残留检测的要求。     

Molecular Cloning, and Characterization of an Adenylyl Cyclase-Associated Protein from Gossypium arboreum L.

The aim of this study was to clone CAP （adenylyl cyclase-associated protein） gene from Gossypium arboreum L. and develop a platform for expressing and purifying CAP protein, which is a base for the construction and function researches of CAP. In this work, a CAP homolog from cotton （DPL971） ovule was identified and cloned. And the cDNA sequence consisted of an open reading frame of 1 416 nucleotides encoding a protein of 471 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular weight of 50.6 kDa. To gain insight on the CAP role in cotton fiber development, the cloned CAP cDNA was expressed. A significant higher yield pure protein was obtained with the chromatographic method. Further experiments showed that the purified protein can bind with the actin in vitro indicating that the recombinant cotton CAP is functional. The procedure described here produced high yield pure protein through one chromatographic step, suitable for further structure-function studies.     

栽培密度对双季稻产量及群体光合特性的影响

以杂交早稻株两优4024、金优402和晚稻H优159、金优207为材料,研究2011、2012年不同栽培密度(设置13.3 cm×20 cm、16.7 cm×20 cm、20 cm×20 cm、13.3 cm×26 cm共4种栽插密度,分别记作Al、A2、A3、A4)对双季稻(早稻、晚稻)产量及群体特性的影响。结果表明:2个早稻组合株两优4024和金优402的产量均呈A2、A1、A3、A4依次减小的变化趋势,说明16.7 cm×20 cm是双季早稻较适宜的栽培密度;晚稻H优159在2年的有效穗数、每穗粒数和产量均以A3处理的最高,而其对照金优207在2年的有效穗数和产量均以A4处理的最高,说明晚稻适宜的栽培密度受其本身分蘖能力的影响较大,分蘖能力强的组合适合稀插,而分蘖能力较弱的组合不能栽培过稀;早稻株两优4024和金优402全生育期的高效叶面积指数、有效叶面积指数、最大叶面积指数均随密度的增大而增大,即呈A1、A2、A4、A3依次减小的变化趋势;晚稻H优159齐穗至齐穗后13 d期间,各处理的最大叶面积指数、高效叶面积指数和有效叶面积指数呈A3、A4、A2、A1依次减小的变化趋势,说明适当加大早稻株两优4024的栽插密度有利于提高其叶面积指数,而晚稻H优159适当稀植有利于提高其叶面积指数。相关分析结果表明,齐穗期的高效叶面积指数、有效叶面积指数和最大叶面积指数与产量之间,齐穗后13 d的有效叶面积指数、最大叶面积指数和剑叶光合速率与产量之间,成熟期的高效叶面积指数、有效叶面积指数和最大叶面积指数与产量之间均呈显著或极显著正相关,说明齐穗后保持较大的叶面积指数和较高的剑叶光合速率是双季稻高产的关键。     

Modelling the foraging habitat selection of lesser kestrels: conservation implications of European Agricultural Policies

Cereal steppe habitat is a low intensive system that is rapidly disappearing as a result of changes in agricultural practices, and has the highest number of bird species with an Unfavourable Conservation Status of any habitat in Europe. A logistic regression model showed that the lesser kestrel, a globally threatened species, prefers to forage close to colonies, selects fields with livestock and avoids tree plantations. The conservation of this species is dependent on maintenance of extensive agriculture characterised by a rotation of cereal and grazed fallow. Abandonment of traditional agriculture and recent changes in agri-environmental programme support, which favour afforestation, are jeopardising the future of cereal steppes. Agri-environment measures are likely to be the most effective means of retaining the specific characteristics of cereal steppe habitat.     

Changes in local species richness of farmland birds in relation to land-use changes and landscape structure

It has been suggested that an increase in the area of low-intensity land-use on arable land (e.g. set-aside fields and short-rotation coppice), and high or increased farmland habitat heterogeneity, may halt or reverse the observed population decline of farmland birds. We tested these hypotheses by undertaking farmland bird censuses during two contrasting periods of agricultural policies and land-use (i.e. 1994 and 2004) in a farmland region covering a gradient of forest- to farmland-dominated landscapes in Sweden. Local species richness (i.e. at 3 hectare sites) declined significantly between 1994 and 2004. Local species richness was positively related to habitat heterogeneity in both years of study whereas temporal change in species richness was not. Local change in species richness was positively associated with a change in the proportion of non-rotational set aside and short-rotation coppice (i.e. low-intensity land-use forms), but also to changes in the amount of spring-sown crops. However, the effect of low-intensity land-use was significantly dependent on the amount of forest in the surrounding landscape. An increase in low-intensity land-use was linked to an increase (or less marked decrease) in species richness at sites located in open farmland surroundings but to a decrease in richness at sites located in forest surroundings. This interaction between amount of forest and low-intensity land-use could be interpreted as a “rare habitat effect”, where an increase in a farmland habitat only positively affects biodiversity when it was originally uncommon (i.e. open farmland areas). Our results suggest that conservation measures of farmland biodiversity have to be put in a landscape context.     

膜下滴灌对南疆杂交棉兆丰1号群体光合作用和产量的影响

在田间试验条件下,以杂交棉兆丰1号为试验材料进行了不同膜下滴灌量的试验,探讨滴灌水量对南疆杂交棉花群体光合性能及产量的影响。结果表明,限量滴灌条件下棉田土壤水分亏缺,CAP和LAI降低,CR及CRP在盛花期上升,进入盛铃期以后又迅速下降,叶片MFLA增大,TCDP和TCRP增加,对光能的截获率降低。过量滴灌促进杂交棉生长势强的特性发挥,造成棉株营养体过旺,CLSC较高,但生育后期CR上升快,CAPP最低,光合物质累积量虽较高,分配到生殖器官中的同化物较少,产量下降。研究表明南疆地区兆丰1号的适宜滴灌定额为3 000～4 125 m3/hm2,产量达7 714.3～8 289.5 kg/hm2。