抗菌肽在肉鸡养殖上的应用

在“全面禁抗”即将来临的背景下,我国肉鸡养殖业面临极大的挑战。抗菌肽不易产生耐药性,作为抗生素的潜在替代品,已成为研究热点。抗菌肽是自然界广泛存在的小分子多肽,具有抵抗外源性病原体感染的活性,是宿主天然免疫系统的重要组成部分。文章就抗菌肽制剂的分类、作用机制,以及抗菌肽在肉鸡养殖中的应用作简要说明,介绍抗菌肽在使用过程中对肉鸡机体生长性能、疾病防治、免疫功能、肠道菌群和肠黏膜结构的影响,并对目前存在问题加以论述。     

论创造力在人才成长中的作用

当今社会创造力越来越成为人的素质的重要组成部分,但人们对创造力的概念和作用的理解却存在较大差异,归结起来主要有：能力论、总和论、品质论、过程论等几种观点。而创造力在人才成长过程中的作用有三个方面：优化个体素质、促进创造性成果的取得、使个体获得更多创造机会进而提升为更高层的人才。     

SHORT COMMUNICATION: Neutrophil oxidative metabolism and haemogram of sheep experimentally infected with Haemonchus contortus and supplemented with selenium and vitamin E

The objective of this study was to evaluate neutrophil oxidative metabolism and haemogram in sheep experimentally infected with Haemonchus contortus and supplemented with selenium and vitamin E. Twenty male Corriedale sheep were utilised and distributed into four experimental groups each with five animals infected with larvae: G1‐ supplemented with sodium selenite, 0.2 mg/kg body weight (bw) given intramuscularly (IM); G2‐ supplemented with sodium selenite and vitamin E, 0.2 mg/kg bw and 2000 IU per animal, respectively, both IM; G3‐ supplemented with vitamin E, 2000 IU per animal IM; G4‐ not supplemented. A haemogram and the number of parasite eggs were determined in samples of blood and faeces, respectively, on days zero (T0), 20 (T1), 40 (T2) and 60 (T3) and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) assays were performed on heparinized blood samples taken on days zero, 30 and 60. A lower total leucocyte count was detected in G1 in relation to G4 at T4. Lymphocytes were reduced in G1 in relation to G3 and G4 at T3. In both non‐stimulated (NBT‐NS) and stimulated (NBT‐S) dye reduction assays, there was reduced activity at 60 days, in relation to other times in the groups treated with selenium (G1 and G2). On the basis of results obtained, we conclude that supplementation with selenium provides better antioxidant protection to neutrophils.     

中药复方多糖及其均一组分对雏鸡免疫功能的影响

目的:观察从自拟中药复方免疫增强剂中提取的复方多糖及其均一组分对雏鸡免疫功能的影响。方法:将14日龄健康雏鸡660只随机分为12组,每组55只。分别于15、16、17日龄口服黄芪多糖 环磷酰胺、复方多糖 环磷酰胺、GCPS-1-A-Ⅰ(多糖均一组分Ⅰ) 环磷酰胺、GCPS-2-A-Ⅱ(多糖均一组分Ⅱ) 环磷酰胺、GCPS-3-A-Ⅲ(多糖均一组分Ⅲ) 环磷酰胺、黄芪多糖、复方多糖、GCPS-1-A-Ⅰ、GCPS-2-A-Ⅱ、GCPS-3-A-Ⅲ、生理盐水、肌注环磷酰胺。分别在用药前、用药后7 d、14 d、21 d、28 d、35 d、42 d采血,测定红细胞数量;分别在NDⅣ系疫苗首免后7、14、21 d,二免后7、14、21 d采血、分离血清,测定ND-H I抗体效价。结果:中药复方多糖及其均一组分可使雏鸡红细胞数量、首免和二免后ND-H I抗体效价明显升高,其中以GCPS-2-A-Ⅱ组效果最佳;环磷酰胺可使上述指标明显下降,中药多糖能使环磷酰胺所致免疫抑制逆转至正常水平,复方多糖 环磷酰胺组、GCPS-2-A-Ⅱ 环磷酰胺组、GCPS-1-A-Ⅰ组、GCPS-3-A-Ⅲ组与生理盐水对照组相比差异不显著,复方多糖组、GCPS-2-A-Ⅱ组与黄芪多糖组相比差异显著。结论:中药复方多糖均一组分具有很好的免疫增强作用,但是其纯度与免疫增强效果不成正比。     

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test to assess thyroid function in severely sick cats

Basal serum thyroxine (T4) concentration and the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation test were used to assess thyroid function in 36 critically ill cats examined between July 1996 and October 1998. Of the 36 cats. hyperthyroidism (as underlying or complicating disease) was suspected in 22 based on clinical signs, palpable thyroid nodules, and abnormal thyroid gland histology (study group). Hyperthyroidism was not suspected in the remaining 14 cats, which served as the control group. Based on serum T4 concentrations, suppression of thyroid function was documented in 14 (64%) cats of the study group and in 10 (71%) cats of the control group. The TRH stimulation test revealed an increase in serum T4 of less than 50% of the baseline concentration in 18 (82%) cats of the study group, and in 6 (43%) cats of the control group. In conclusion, based on the results of serum T4 determinations and the TRH stimulation tests, it was not possible to differentiate between cats with clinical and histologic evidence of thyroid dysfunction (hyperthyroidism) and cats with severe nonthyroidal illnesses.     

益生素、寡糖对三黄鸡生产性能及免疫机能的影响

将1日龄广东三黄鸡160只，随机分成5组，即对照组，试验1组(添加0．3％的益生素)，试验2组(添加0．2％的寡糖)，试验3组(添加0．3％的益生素和0．2％的寡糖)，试验4组(添加0.2％的益生素和0．1％的寡糖)，研究益生素和寡糖对肉鸡生产性能与免疫机能的影响。结果表明：饲料中添加益生素或寡糖均能显著提高肉鸡的平均日增重、饲料转化率、免疫器官指数、白细胞吞噬率及新城疫抗体效价，降低肉鸡死亡率。寡糖的作用效果前4周较明显．而益生素4周后较明显。同时添加益生素和寡糖对提高肉鸡生产性能与免疫机能具有协同作用。     

Tidal Breathing Flow‐Volume Loop Analysis for the Diagnosis and Staging of Tracheal Collapse in Dogs

Background: Tracheoscopy is generally used for the diagnosis of tracheal collapse (TC) in dogs; yet, it is costly, requires anesthesia, and can irritate the airway. The tidal breathing flow‐volume loop (TBFVL) is a safe, quick, and noninvasive pulmonary function test currently used in humans. Hypothesis: TBFVL will differentiate dogs with TC from healthy controls and contribute to disease grading. Animals: Twenty‐eight dogs with naturally occurring TC and 10 healthy controls. Methods: Cross‐sectional, prospective clinical study: The 38 dogs were assigned to one of 4 groups based on tracheoscopy results: group A (n = 10, healthy controls), group B (n = 10, grade I TC), group C (n = 10, grade II TC), and group D (n = 8, grade III TC). The TBFVL measurement was performed on all dogs and loops were assessed for their shape. Forty‐four TBFVL parameters were calculated. Results: Two types of TBFVL shapes were identified: Type I, representative of the 10 healthy controls, and Type II, representative of the 28 dogs with TC. Statistical analysis showed the dogs could be differentiated into healthy or affected by TC by 3 indices, TE/TI (expiratory time divided by inspiratory time), TI/TTOT (inspiratory time divided by total respiratory time), and EF75/IF75 (expiratory flow at end tidal volume plus 75% end tidal volume divided by inspiratory flow at end tidal volume plus 75% end tidal volume). The TC could also be graded as mild‐moderate (grades I and II) or severe (grade III), showing a diagnostic value of 97.4%. Conclusion and Clinical Importance: TBFVL is accurate, quick, noninvasive, and safe and can contribute to the diagnosis of TC in dogs.     

猪尾巴的功能

文章从猪的解剖、生理、心理、胴体、肉质方面对猪尾巴的功能作了分析点评,对当前集约化养猪中剪尾的工艺操作提出了辩证哲理的质疑观点。     

一种低糖型酸奶对小鼠免疫功能的影响

以低聚果糖、阿斯巴甜、木糖醇为甜味剂替代蔗糖,研制出一种低糖型酸奶。对试验组（灌胃低糖型功能酸奶）和对照组（灌胃生理盐水）分别进行脏器体重比值的测定试验、小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞试验、血清溶血素含量的测定试验、血细胞计数试验。结果显示,灌胃功能酸奶的小鼠以上指标和对照组相比均有显著的提高,以此证明该酸奶具保健价值。     

有机铬对奶牛的作用

奶牛在妊娠晚期、产奶早期、高温时期和运输过程中处于极度应激的状态下,生产性能、免疫力、繁殖性能均受到影响。近年来研究发现有机铬对缓解奶牛应激有显著的作用,本文将就此作一综述。