Intensive organic vegetable production increases soil organic carbon but with a lower carbon conversion efficiency than integrated management

Intensive vegetable production in greenhouses has rapidly expanded in China since the 1990s and increased to 1.3 million ha of farmland by 2016, which is the highest in the world. We conducted an 11‐year greenhouse vegetable production experiment from 2002 to 2013 to observe soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics under three management systems, i.e., conventional (CON), integrated (ING), and intensive organic (ORG) farming. Soil samples (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) were collected in 2002 and 2013 and separated into four particle‐size fractions, i.e., coarse sand (> 250 µm), fine sand (250–53 µm), silt (53–2 µm), and clay (< 2 µm). The SOC contents and δ¹³C values of the whole soil and the four particle‐size fractions were analyzed. After 11 years of vegetable farming, ORG and ING significantly increased SOC stocks (0–20 cm) by 4008 ± 36.6 and 2880 ± 365 kg C ha^?1 y^?1, respectively, 8.1‐ and 5.8‐times that of CON (494 ± 42.6 kg C ha^?1 y^?1). The SOC stock increase in ORG at 20–40 cm depth was 245 ± 66.4 kg C ha^?1 y^?1, significantly higher than in ING (66 ± 13.4 kg C ha^?1 y^?1) and CON (109 ± 44.8 kg C ha^?1 y^?1). Analyses of ¹³C revealed a significant increase in newly produced SOC in both soil layers in ORG. However, the carbon conversion efficiency (CE: increased organic carbon in soil divided by organic carbon input) was lower in ORG (14.4%–21.7%) than in ING (18.2%–27.4%). Among the four particle‐sizes in the 0–20 cm layer, the silt fraction exhibited the largest proportion of increase in SOC content (57.8% and 55.4% of the SOC increase in ORG and ING, respectively). A similar trend was detected in the 20–40 cm soil layer. Over all, intensive organic (ORG) vegetable production increases soil organic carbon but with a lower carbon conversion efficiency than integrated (ING) management.     

First Insights into the Repertoire of Secretory Lectins in Rotifers

Due to their high biodiversity and adaptation to a mutable and challenging environment, aquatic lophotrochozoan animals are regarded as a virtually unlimited source of bioactive molecules. Among these, lectins, i.e., proteins with remarkable carbohydrate-recognition properties involved in immunity, reproduction, self/nonself recognition and several other biological processes, are particularly attractive targets for biotechnological research. To date, lectin research in the Lophotrochozoa has been restricted to the most widespread phyla, which are the usual targets of comparative immunology studies, such as Mollusca and Annelida. Here we provide the first overview of the repertoire of the secretory lectin-like molecules encoded by the genomes of six target rotifer species: Brachionus calyciflorus, Brachionus plicatilis, Proales similis (class Monogononta), Adineta ricciae, Didymodactylos carnosus and Rotaria sordida (class Bdelloidea). Overall, while rotifer secretory lectins display a high molecular diversity and belong to nine different structural classes, their total number is significantly lower than for other groups of lophotrochozoans, with no evidence of lineage-specific expansion events. Considering the high evolutionary divergence between rotifers and the other major sister phyla, their widespread distribution in aquatic environments and the ease of their collection and rearing in laboratory conditions, these organisms may represent interesting targets for glycobiological studies, which may allow the identification of novel carbohydrate-binding proteins with peculiar biological properties.     

一种基于第三方的C2C信誉系统

根据CNNIC 2006年中国C2C网上购物调查报告,C2C网上购物已经被网民逐渐地接受和使用,市场交易额突破百万亿元,中国C2C网上购物市场发展前景看好。但是,每个C2C网站各自为政的信用监管体系存在相对松散的身份认证和信用孤岛问题,为了解决这些问题,本文提出了一种基于第三方的C2C信誉系统。     

开垦草地对土壤有机碳库构成与来源的效应

以广西西北部喀斯特地区的开垦草地生态系为对象,研究了草地开垦变为不同农田后对土壤有机碳库的效应。结果表明,草地开垦为农田后,土壤可溶性有机碳、微生物生物量碳及总有机碳的含量显著下降。自然草地开垦后,柑桔地土壤有机碳含量高于农作用地土壤。玉米与甘蔗轮作土壤有机碳含量高于甘蔗连作。13C示踪结果表明,柑桔地土壤有机碳中来源于草地的含量高于农田土壤;农田土壤有机碳中来源于草地的随种植年限的增加而降低。在玉米与甘蔗轮作的农田中,土壤有机碳中来源于玉米的高于甘蔗连作土壤有机碳中来源于甘蔗的。     

盐胁迫对乐东拟单性木兰幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

以乐东拟单性木兰盆栽幼苗为试材,研究在不同浓度NaCl溶液处理下其生长、生理指标的变化。结果表明：在盐胁迫下,乐东拟单性木兰幼苗的生长受到明显抑制,苗高、地茎、叶绿素含量均随盐浓度增加而减少;叶片脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量均呈现先缓慢上升再下降的趋势。说明乐东拟单性木兰为盐敏感性植物,即使在低浓度盐分（0．1％～0．3％）下其生长也会受到抑制。     

农杆菌介导转录因子DREB1C基因转化速生型刺槐的研究

引自匈牙利的刺槐是可用于观赏、水土保持、饲料和蜂源的速生型树种，向这个树种转入耐逆基因，可满足干旱、盐碱地植被恢复的需求.该文对速生型刺槐进行了3个方面的研究:在含有不同组合6-BA和NAA的MS培养基上的芽再生情况、根癌农杆菌介导GUS（载体为pCAMBIA 1301）基因转化的优化以及耐逆转录因子基因AtDREB1C（相同载体）的转化.结果表明:①以无菌苗复叶叶轴为外植体，在附加6-BA 1.0 mg/L和NAA 0.5 mg/L的MS培养基上芽再生率最高，为77.5%；②同样的外植体在MS培养基上预培养0～2 d后, 用附加乙酰丁香酮的根癌农杆菌菌液侵染15～20 min，再接种于附加20 mg/L乙酰丁香酮和Hyg 7mg/L的上述MS培养基上，共培养2 d，可获得最佳转化效果；③用上述优化的方法将AtDREB1C导入刺槐，获得转基因植株，并得到PCR、PCRSouthern blotting和Southern blotting的验证.      

Effects of Nitrogen Forms on Carbon and Nitrogen Accumulation in Tomato Seedling

Utilization of organic nitrogen （N） is an important aspect of plant N assimilation and has potential application in sustainable agriculture. The aim of this study was to investigate the plant growth, C and N accumulation in leaves and roots of tomato seedlings in response to inorganic （NH4^＋-N, NO3^-N） and organic nitrogen （Gly-N）. Different forms of nitrogen （NH4^＋-N, NO3^--N, Gly-N） were supplied to two tomato cultivars （Shenfen 918 and Huying 932） using a hydroponics system. The plant dry biomass, chlorophyll content, root activity, total carbon and nitrogen content in roots and leaves, and total N absorption, etc. were assayed during the cultivation. Our results showed that no significant differences in plant height, dry biomass, and total N content were found within the first 16 d among three treatments; however, significant differences in treatments on 24 d and 32 d were observed, and the order was NO3^--N 〉 Gly-N 〉 NH4^＋-N. Significant differences were also observed between the two tomato cultivars. Chlorophyll contents in the two cultivars were significantly increased by the Gly-N treatment, and root activity showed a significant decrease in NHa^＋-N treatment. Tomato leaf total carbon content was slightly affected by different N forms; however, total carbon in root and total nitrogen in root and leaf were promoted significantly by inorganic and organic N. Among the applied N forms, the increasing effects of the NH4^＋-N treatment were larger than that of the Gly-N. In a word, different N resources resulted in different physiological effects in tomatoes. Organic nitrogen （e.g., Gly-N） can be a proper resource of plant N nutrition. Tomatoes of different genotypes had different responses under organic nitrogen （e.g., Gly-N） supplies.     

子午岭辽东栎群落碳储量研究

通过对黄土高原子午岭辽东栎林群落的碳储量进行研究,目的是为黄土高原森林碳储量提供基础数据,并借助本次研究探究能较准确估算黄土高原碳储量的方法。土壤碳密度采用积分法和分层法2种估算方法,验证了积分法在估算土壤碳储量上的准确性和方便性。乔木层采用相对生长模型,以实测75株解析木生物量的值作为基础数据,建立辽东栎单株林木各组分生物量与树高、胸径的回归方程,推算出整个辽东栎林各器官的生物量,从而算出其碳储量。结果表明,土壤积分法能够较好的估测碳储量。土壤碳储量分别是109.794 9 t.hm-2(90 cm分层法)和111.938 t.hm-2(100 cm积分法);乔木层、林下灌木层、草本层、枯落物的碳储量分别是53.452 9、2.700 5、4.482 7、5.243 9 t.hm-2,得出空间分布序列均为土壤层>乔木层>枯落物层>草本层>灌木层。最后引出辽东栎能够与真菌形成菌根共生体,菌根在辽东栎林的固碳作用可能为碳研究开辟一条新途径。     

维生素C·E对草鱼片贮藏品质的影响

[目的]研究维生素C、E处理对草鱼片贮藏品质的影响。[方法]不同处理草鱼片在冷藏、微冻和冷冻2 d后,测定其失重率、挥发性盐基氮、pH值、白度。[结果]维生素E处理的持水性好于维生素C处理,但均高于空白;维生素C、E处理对鱼片的pH值影响较小,比较接近于空白样品;在3种处理中,维生素C处理的样品挥发性盐基氮值最低;维生素C、E对冷藏、微冻状态下的草鱼片具有良好色泽保护作用。[结论]维生素C对冷藏、微冻状态下的草鱼片具有良好的降低水产品腐败和色泽保护作用;维生素E对冷藏、微冻状态下的草鱼片具有良好色泽保护作用。