汉中市专业化烘烤的发展与思考

从汉中市烤烟专业化烘烤的内涵和发展入手,详述了专业化烘烤合作社的组织运行模式.根据2008年的试验情况,研究认为,专业化烘烤合作社与传统烘烤相比有明显的优势,但仍存在一些不足.为尽快完善专业化烘烤合作社的运行,指出了当前存在的问题,并提出了应对措施.     

烟叶烘烤能耗与节能途径分析

结合烟叶烘烤过程中水分的散失机理,对热风循环烘烤模式的优缺点进行了分析和探讨.指出对现有热风循环烘烤模式进行变革和创新是实现烘烤节能的根本途径。     

密集烘烤关键温度点稳温时间对烤烟理化性状的影响

针对密集烘烤存在的干物质降解不充分和香气物质不足的问题,以K326品种为材料,在湖南省浏阳市开展了密集烘烤关键温度点稳温时间对烤后烟叶物理特性和化学成分影响研究.结果表明,在烟叶变黄期和定色期适当增加稳温时间,可增大烟叶收缩形变,降低叶质重,降低单叶重,增加烟叶疏松性,降低烟叶淀粉含量,增加总糖和还原糖含量.但过度延长稳温时间,将导致烟叶内含物消耗过多,降低烟叶品质.对中部和上部烟叶,在变黄期的38℃稳温24h和42℃稳温16 h,在定色期的47℃稳温18h和54℃稳温16 h为适宜;对下部烟叶,在变黄期的38℃稳温15 h和42℃稳温16 h,在定色期的45℃稳温12 h和54℃稳温16 h为适宜.     

不同密集烘烤工艺对烤后烟叶质量的影响

为进一步优化密集烘烤工艺,在湖北中烟公司原料基地进行了优化密集烘烤工艺与常规烘烤工艺的对比试验,并对烤后烟叶质量进行了对比研究.结果表明:优化密集烘烤工艺与常规工艺相比,显著改善了烤后烟叶的评吸质量、外观质量和等级结构,烤后烟叶化学成分含量较为协调,优化的密集烘烤工艺显著提高了烤后烟叶的工业可用性.     

不同成熟度烟叶烘烤过程中叶片组织结构和形态的变化

以烤烟中烟100中部叶为试验材料,研究了不同成熟度烟叶烘烤过程中叶片组织结构及形态的变化。结果表明,烟叶组织结构在变黄后期与定色期变幅较大,叶片形态在定色期变幅最大,不同成熟度烟叶在烘烤过程中组织结构和形态变化也表现出明显差异。密集烘烤条件下烟叶在定色期失水过快是导致烤后烟叶结构紧密、僵硬的主要原因。     

密集烘烤优化工艺对烤烟品质的影响及经济效益分析

[目的]研究优化后的烘烤工艺对烟叶品质的影响及其经济效益。[方法]通过对常规密集烘烤工艺进行优化,探讨其对烤后烟叶质量及耗能成本的影响。[结果]采用优化后的密集烘烤工艺烘烤,其上等烟率和橘黄烟率明显提高,而微带青烟率、青黄烟率和烟叶淀粉含量明显下降,烟碱含量也有所下降,烟叶糖碱比趋于协调;烤后烟叶感官评吸质量较好,表现为刺激性较小、劲头较足、余味较舒适;其烘烤耗煤和耗电成本高于常规烘烤工艺,但其烤后烟叶均价明显提高,扣除耗能成本后的经济效益比常规烧烤工艺平均增加12.09%。[结论]优化后的工艺明显提高了烟叶外观等级质量和内在品质,经济效益明显高于常规密集烘烤工艺。     

Data modeling to facilitate internal traceability at a grain elevator

Data management in food supply chains to facilitate product traceability has gained importance in recent years. This paper presents a relational database model to facilitate internal traceability at a grain elevator, which is one of the first nodes in a food supply chain. This approach for modeling traceability information in bulk food supply chains has not been studied in past. At an elevator, grain lots (inbound deliveries) are blended to meet buyer specifications, and individual lot identity is not maintained. As a result, an outbound shipment to a customer likely contains grain from many different sources. In a food safety related emergency, tracing the source of a problem or tracking other affected shipments would be nearly impossible. An efficient internal data management system could mitigate these problems by recording all grain lot transformations/activities, including movement, aggregation, segregation, and destruction as well as supplier and customer information. In this paper, a relational database management system is proposed that stores all necessary information, including product and quality information, related to the grain lots in order to enable product traceability. The system can be queried to retrieve information related to incoming, internal and outgoing lots and to retrieve information that connects the individual incoming grain lots to an outgoing shipment. Furthermore, this system can be used both to trace back to the source of a given lot and to track information about previously shipped lots forward. In addition to traceability application, the information stored in this database provides a comprehensive dataset for many applications including mass flow optimization, resource optimization and improved operational efficiency of the grain elevator.     

Physical properties of pellets made from sorghum stalk, corn stover, wheat straw, and big bluestem

Densification of biomass feedstocks, such as pelleting, can increase bulk density, improve storability, reduce transportation costs, and make these materials easier to handle using existing handling and storage equipment for grains. The objectives of this research were to study (1) the physical properties of pellets made from corn stover, sorghum stalk, wheat straw, and big bluestem, (2) the effect of moisture content on bulk density, true density, and durability of the biomass pellets, and (3) the effect of hammer mill screen size and die thickness on bulk density, true density, and durability of the pellets. Biomass pelleting can significantly improve the bulk density from 47 to 60 kg/m³ for biomass grinds to 360 to 500 kg/m³ for biomass pellets. Of the four types of biomass pellets, wheat straw pellets had the highest bulk density value of 495.8 kg/m³, and sorghum stalk pellets had the lowest bulk density value of 365.2 kg/m³. An increase in moisture level resulted in a decrease in bulk density and true density of the pellets. The effect of moisture content on durability of the pellets made from corn stover, wheat straw, and big bluestem showed a similar trend; the maximum durability value was 96.8% at the equilibrium moisture content (EMC) range of 9% (d.b.) to 14% (d.b.) for corn stover and wheat straw, and 9% (d.b.) to 11% (d.b.) for big bluestem. A further increase in EMC value resulted in a decrease in pellet durability. For sorghum stalk pellets, the durability value increased initially with increased EMC and reached a maximum of 89.5% at EMC values between 14% (d.b.) and 16% (d.b.). Use of a larger hammer mill screen size (from 3.2 mm to 6.5 mm screen openings) resulted in increases of bulk density, true density, and durability of biomass pellets, but not in significant levels. Use of a thicker die size (from 31.8 mm to 44.5 mm in thickness) resulted in significant increase of bulk density, true density, and durability of biomass pellets.     

不同采烤方式对上部烟叶质量及效益的影响

针对安康烟区上部烟叶组织结构特点,对上部烟叶一次带茎采烤方式比较研究,结果表明：上部烟叶带茎一次采烤与不带茎采烤方式相比,上中等烟比例极显著提高18.94%,均价极显著提高18.19%,原烟外观质量明显改善,橘黄烟比例明显增加,结构更加疏松,油分增多,色度增强,但用工、用煤、用电等总成本显著增加,每千克干烟增加1.14元。     

Effect of Soil Sample Size on Saturated Soil Hydraulic Conductivity

Saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_sat) is regarded as a key soil physical variable to determine soil infiltration rate, percolation depth and other hydrological processes. The purpose of this study was to determine the best soil sampling’s ring size for measuring K_sat. For this purpose, 25 rings with five different diameters (2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 inch) and with the same depth of 20 cm (five replicates) were hammered in close vicinity to each other into the ground of undisturbed loess deposits of a small farm to measure K_sat and bulk density. Hydraulic conductivity was measured at three constant loads of 22, 27 and 32 cm. The results showed that the ring with the internal diameter of 6 inches had the minimum variation coefficient and maximum K_sat for all the three hydraulic heads. In addition, the bulk density of this ring size was less than the other rings.