红花大金元不同装烟方式的烘烤效果研究

[目的]探究红花大金元不同装烟方式的烘烤效果.[方法]对红花大金元不同部位烟叶烟夹与烟杆2种装烟方式烤后烟的化学成分、用工成本经济效益进行分析.[结果]试验表明,2种装烟方式烤后烟的化学成分差异不大,烟夹的鲜干比大于烟杆,烟夹的用工少于烟杆,烟夹的耗煤耗电高于烟杆,烟夹的上中等烟比例显著高于烟杆,烟夹的均价与单位质量利润高于烟杆.[结论]红花大金元采用烟夹烘烤能减少成本,提高经济效益.     

E0级胶合板用UMF树脂胶固化体系的研究

采用1%NH_4Cl和0.5%的H_3PO_4、草酸、酒石酸、甲酸构成的双组分固化体系加入F/(U M)摩尔比1.01～1.03的UMF树脂,可以降低树脂的pH值,提高固化速度,改善预压性能;用该双组分固化剂体系,加入F/(U M)摩尔比1.01的UMF树脂胶,实验室压制的杨木三合板、杂木三合板和工厂生产规模压制的椴木-杨木-椴木三合板、杂木三合板均符合E_0级胶合板国家标准的要求。     

Effect of Tillage Systems and Axle Load on Undisturbed Soil Hydraulic Properties

The effects of tillage treatment and axle load resulting from wheeled traffic on tilled soil (0 to 20 cm) were evaluated by measuring the changes in soil physical properties (bulk density and infiltration rate) and by measuring the impact on water retention in comparison with controlled plots. Data obtained from the experimental plots showed that infiltration rate was strongly affected by tillage treatments in 0‐ to 20‐cm depths. Dry bulk density was affected in 0‐ to 20‐cm depths by tillage treatments and axle load. Tillage system changed the ability of the soils to hold moisture and decreased the plant‐available water capacity.     

Development of on-line measurement system of bulk density based on on-line measured draught, depth and soil moisture content

On-line measurement of soil compaction is needed for site specific tillage management. The soil bulk density (ρ) indicating soil compaction was measured on-line by means of a developed compaction sensor system that comprised several sensors for on-line measurement of the draught (D) of a soil cutting tool (subsoiler), the soil cutting depth (d) and the soil moisture content (w). The subsoiler D was measured with a single shear beam load cell, whereas d was measured with a wheel gauge that consisted of a swinging arm metal wheel and a linear variable differential transducer (LVDT). The soil w was measured with a near infrared fibre-type spectrophotometer sensor. These on-line three measured parameters were used to calculate ρ, by utilising a hybrid numerical–statistical mathematical model developed in a previous study. Punctual kriging was performed using the variogram estimation and spatial prediction with error (VESPER) 1.6 software to develop the field maps of ρ, soil w, subsoiler d and D, based on 10 m × 10 m grid. To verify the on-line measured ρ map, this map was compared with the map measured by the conventional core sampling method.

The spherical semivariogram models, providing the best fit for all properties was used for kriging of different maps. Maps developed showed that no clear correlation could be detected between different parameters measured and subsoiler D. However, the D value was smaller at shallow penetration d, whereas large D coincided with large ρ values at few positions in the field. Maps of ρ measured with the core sampling and on-line methods were similar, with correlation coefficient (r) and the standard error values of 0.75 and 0.054 Mg m⁻³, respectively. On-line measured ρ exhibited larger errors at very dry zones. The normal distribution of the ρ error between the two different measurement methods showed that about 72% of the errors were less than 0.05 Mg m⁻³ in absolute values. However, the overall mean error of on-line measured ρ was of a small value of 2.3%, which ensures the method accuracy for on-line measurement of ρ. Measurement under very dry conditions should be minimised, because it can lead to a relatively large error, and hence, compacted zones at dry zones cannot be detected correctly.     

Effect of Tillage and Plant Residue Management Practices on Shrinkage of a Vertisol

A study was carried out to determine the effects of different tillage and plant residue management practices on different soil moisture and shrink-swell properties of a Vertisol (very fine, semctitic, thermic, chromic Haploxerert (with less than 1 % slope). The core samples were collected in July (after harvesting of lentil) and in November (after planting of wheat) 1993. The two tillage methods were moldboard (T1) and chisel (T2). The two plant residue incorporation dates were in August (R1) and in October (R2). Results indicated that T2 tends to give higher water holding capacity and available moisture than T1. Immediate incorporation of plant residue (R1) tends to increase the bulk density and to decrease soil specific volume and void ratio when compared to late incorporation treatment (R2). In general, the two tillage treatments tend to decrease moisture availability, shrinkage characteristics, soil specific volume, and void ratio. They also tend to increase the soil shrinkage (subsidence and cracks volume) and bulk density. Chisel plough is recommended in Vertisols, if it is to be used before the rainfall.     

Effect of Tillage System on Soil Strength and Bulk Density of Vertisols

Improving the soil environment for seedling emergence and plant growth is possible using a good tillage system. From March 1993 until June 1994, the effect of tillage system and plant residue incorporation practices on the bulk density and the soil strength of the surface layer of a vertisol (very fine, smectitic, thermic, chromic Haploxerert), on a less than 1 % slope, was investigated. The two tillage methods were moldboard (T1) and chisel (T2). The two plant residue incorporation dates were in August (R1) and in October (R2). Results indicated that R1 gave significantly higher bulk density than R2, while the different tillage treatments had no significant effect. Soil strength was significantly lower under T1 and R2 than under the other treatments.     

生物炭和无机肥对盐碱滩涂围垦农田土壤性状的影响

在重度盐碱滩涂围垦的土地上,添加不同量的生物炭(0、3、6、9 hm~(-2)),在玉米不同生育期施加无机肥,对照CK不施肥,研究土壤在不进行作物种植下的性状变化。结果表明:自然条件下重度盐碱土地土壤物理性状变差,施用无机肥加剧了土壤的退化程度;在未种植作物条件下,生物炭添加没有对降低土壤容重起到促进作用,同时也没有提高土壤饱和含水量及田间持水量;团聚体组成分析显示生物炭用量在3 t hm~(-2)时土壤中2 mm团聚体增加最多;雨季时雨水淋洗显著降低土壤0~20 cm土层盐分,生物炭用量越大土壤盐分淋洗效果越明显;八月份和九月份时随着雨季结束,地下水位升高、太阳辐射增强加速了盐分在表层土壤的积聚,生物炭添加能有效抑制盐分在表层的积累,但无机肥添加又阻碍了这种抑制作用。     

密集烘烤优化工艺对烤烟品质的影响及经济效益分析

[目的]研究优化后的烘烤工艺对烟叶品质的影响及其经济效益。[方法]通过对常规密集烘烤工艺进行优化,探讨其对烤后烟叶质量及耗能成本的影响。[结果]采用优化后的密集烘烤工艺烘烤,其上等烟率和橘黄烟率明显提高,而微带青烟率、青黄烟率和烟叶淀粉含量明显下降,烟碱含量也有所下降,烟叶糖碱比趋于协调;烤后烟叶感官评吸质量较好,表现为刺激性较小、劲头较足、余味较舒适;其烘烤耗煤和耗电成本高于常规烘烤工艺,但其烤后烟叶均价明显提高,扣除耗能成本后的经济效益比常规烧烤工艺平均增加12.09%。[结论]优化后的工艺明显提高了烟叶外观等级质量和内在品质,经济效益明显高于常规密集烘烤工艺。     

密集烘烤关键温度点稳温时间对烤烟理化性状的影响

针对密集烘烤存在的干物质降解不充分和香气物质不足的问题,以K326品种为材料,在湖南省浏阳市开展了密集烘烤关键温度点稳温时间对烤后烟叶物理特性和化学成分影响研究.结果表明,在烟叶变黄期和定色期适当增加稳温时间,可增大烟叶收缩形变,降低叶质重,降低单叶重,增加烟叶疏松性,降低烟叶淀粉含量,增加总糖和还原糖含量.但过度延长稳温时间,将导致烟叶内含物消耗过多,降低烟叶品质.对中部和上部烟叶,在变黄期的38℃稳温24h和42℃稳温16 h,在定色期的47℃稳温18h和54℃稳温16 h为适宜;对下部烟叶,在变黄期的38℃稳温15 h和42℃稳温16 h,在定色期的45℃稳温12 h和54℃稳温16 h为适宜.     

栽培和调制措施对烟草茄酮含量的影响

茄酮是烟叶的主体香味成分之一,世界卷烟降焦减害的趋势使得烟草工业对以茄酮为核心的香料需求越来越迫切。因此,提高烟草茄酮含量,对提高卷烟香气品质和安全性具有重要意义。综述了栽培（水分、留叶数、植物生长调节剂、施肥种类和水平及其他措施）和调制措施（烟叶成熟度、烘烤条件和陈化时间）等因素对烟草茄酮含量的影响。