农业高质量发展的空间分异与影响因素 ——以广东省为例

农业高质量发展是乡村产业振兴的重要表征。广东省特色高效农业走在全国前列,以广东省为例量化评估农业高质量发展水平,可为各地诊断农业发展问题、监测农业高质量进展、支撑完善支持政策提供参考依据。本研究从高效化、绿色化和稳产化3方面构建了农业高质量发展评价模型,借助空间自相关分析方法、双变量空间关联性分析法分析了广东省农业高质量发展空间集聚特征与影响因素。研究发现,广东省农业高质量发展指数呈现“平原区>丘陵区>山地区”的特征,在空间上形成“平原区显著高高集聚、山地丘陵区显著低低集聚”的格局,高效化、绿色化和稳产化3个维度均呈现显著的正向集聚性,且空间集聚格局相似。农业高质量发展水平主要受到人均地区生产总值、高程等因素的影响,凸显农业高质量发展是一个因地制宜、循序渐进的过程,各地需立足本地资源禀赋、产业发展特色与地区经济发展水平综合施策。     

下辽河平原典型地域耕地系统弹性时空分异特征

科学准确地刻画耕地系统弹性时空分异格局是制定耕地保护差别化管理制度的基本前提。为此,该研究以下辽河平原典型地域沈阳市为研究区,基于社会生态系统弹性思维的抵抗力-适应力-转型力视角,重构耕地系统弹性的科学内涵,探讨2009—2018年研究区耕地系统弹性时空分异特征及影响因素。结果表明:1)耕地系统弹性是由耕地系统的抵抗力、适应力和转型力共同作用的结果,分别发挥维持现状、治理弹性和优化弹性的作用;2)2013年为研究区耕地生产力发生突变的时间节点,突变后期研究区整体和各区县的耕地系统弹性均显著减弱,耕地系统适应力减弱是耕地系统弹性减弱的主要因素,其次为转型力和抵抗力;3)突变前后研究区耕地系统弹性整体均呈现出中部高,西北部低的空间分布格局,高高型集聚的耕地向西部和北部迁移,低低型集聚的耕地集中于南部;4)耕地系统弹性变化同时受人类活动和自然禀赋综合影响,农业建设活动和自然条件分别是研究区中南部和西北部的耕地系统弹性空间分异的主要原因。研究表明阐明耕地系统抵抗力、适应力和转型力之间的作用关系可为刻画耕地系统弹性的时空分异格局提供有效途径,据此构建差别化的耕地保护制度体系,为实现下辽河平原农业...     

玉米植株冠层截留分异特征及其影响因素

基于研究区实际降雨频率,采用人工模拟降雨法对玉米全生育期冠层截留量、茎秆流量和穿透雨量进行测定,分析叶面积和降雨强度对玉米植株冠层截留分异特征的影响。结果表明:不同生育期,玉米冠层截留率平均为8.42%,茎秆流率平均为35.38%,穿透雨率平均为56.19%;不同降雨强度,玉米冠层截留率平均为7.53%,茎秆流率平均为26.79%,穿透雨率平均为65.68%。冠层截留量、茎秆流量和穿透雨量与雨强呈极显著线性正相关关系,冠层截留量和茎秆流量与叶面积之间呈极显著正相关直线关系,而穿透雨量与叶面积之间呈极显著线性负相关关系。     

猪CD8B表达谱、基因多态性及其与血液免疫性状的关联分析

白细胞分化抗原8(cluster of differentiation 8,CD8)是主要表达在CD8+T细胞表面的共受体和信号转导分子.CD8B基因编码CD8蛋白的β链,在免疫应答中起着潜在的调节作用.为分析CD8B基因在猪(Sus scrofa)不同组织中的表达特征,并探究CD8B基因多态性对血液免疫性状的遗传效应,本研究利用qRT-PCR测定CD8B基因在大白猪7个组织中的表达量,并用PCR产物测序与限制性片段长度多态性(restriction fragment length polymorphism,RFLP)方法对382头大白猪、84头长白猪和90头松辽黑猪CD8B基因编码区进行SNPs检测,以及分析CD8B基因突变对大白猪外周血T淋巴细胞亚群和血常规指标的影响.结果表明,CD8B基因在脾脏中的mRNA表达量最高,然后依次是肺脏、胃、肝脏、肾脏、心脏和肌肉.CD8B基因外显子5处检测到1个错义突变(c.602G＞A),在大白猪、长白猪和松辽黑猪群中均存在3种基因型(AA、AG和GG型),且3个猪种都是GG为优势基因型.统计分析显示,CD8B基因多态性与大白猪血液中的CD4+CD8-、CD4 CD8+、CD4 +/CD8+、血红蛋白含量(hemoglobin,HGB)和红细胞压积(hematocrit,HCT)指标显著相关(P＜0.05).最小二乘分析表明,3种CD8B基因型个体具有不同的血液参数,其中GG型的CD4+CD8-指标显著高于AG型,AG型的CD4-CD8+指标显著高于GG和AA型,GG和AA型的CD4+/CD8+、HGB和HCT指标显著高于AG型(P＜0.05).因此,CD8B基因可能参与血液生理指标的调控,可作为影响猪免疫性状的重要功能候选基因.本研究为进一步揭示CD8B基因的生物学功能提供依据,也为猪的标记辅助抗病育种提供了基础资料.     

黄河三角洲景观变化中人为影响力的时空分异

利用1986,1996,2006年的遥感影像,结合GIS和图谱分析,运用地统计学方法研究现代黄河三角洲地区近20年来景观变化和人为影响力的时空变异规律,实现人为影响力的定量化和空间化,从而揭示人类开发活动的空间变异和强度分布。结果表明:①在1986,1996,2006年的3期人为影响力的实验变异函数值与理论变异函数拟合得较好,残差平方和RSS和决定系数R2的检验达到极显著水平。②黄河三角洲在近20年来的人类活动影响力在研究尺度上存在空间异质性:基台值逐年增大,人为影响力在空间上出现急剧的变化,不同地点的人为开发利用强度差异性程度加速增加;人为影响力中在600m以下小尺度上由随机因素引起的空间异质性SHR特别小,块金效应较小,而空间自相关引起的空间异质性占主要部分,在90%以上;根据各向异性条件下的变异分析,可以得出人为影响力在不同方向上具有明显的各向异性结构特征,即在不同方向上,其块金值和基台值有一定的差异,但也有相似或者相同的,说明人为影响力的各向异性同时具有几何异向性和带状异向性。③人为影响力的空间分布格局受交通线、水系、居民点和海岸线的控制明显。     

水稻亲本遗传分化程度与籼粳杂种优势的关系

本文利用两套材料,即来自一个籼／粳交（圭６３０／０２４２８）的双单倍体（ＤＨ）系和另一组由多种类型的籼、粳组成的对照组,从分子水平上研究了水稻亲本的遗传分化程度。在此基础上探讨了亲本的遗传分化程度与籼粳杂种优势的关系。两套测交Ｆ１群体的结果一致表明,亲本遗传分化程度对穗数和千粒重的影响相对较小,但是对每穗结实粒数和结实率这两项体现育性的指标影响较大。当亲本遗传分化综合指数ＴＤｊ值为２０￣２５时,育     

稻米品质性状与产量性状及籼粳分化度的相互关系研究

通过QTL的连锁关系和性状相关性研究表明,供试的籼粳重组自交系群体的籼粳分化程度与籼、粳稻的直链淀粉含量高低无直接关系,籼粳分化度与胶稠度、碱消值、蛋白质和粗脂肪含量之间呈现显著相关和密切连锁关系;直链淀粉含量的高低不是影响稻米食味品质的关键因素,胶稠度和碱消值是影响稻米食味品质的最重要因素;单株产量越高,     

晋中市耕地质量空间分异格局与影响因素研究

耕地质量空间分异格局分析对提升耕地保护有效性具有现实意义。以晋中市2794个行政村为研究单元,基于2017年晋中市国家耕地质量评价结果,采用累积分布函数、空间自相关、地理探测器及GIS分组分析等方法,分析晋中市耕地质量空间分异特征及16个因子对其影响及交互作用。研究表明：耕地规模由晋中西部平原地区向东部山区呈“梯度递减”;耕地质量偏向低值集聚,空间正相关性集聚特征显著,其中HH型主要分布在晋中北部及西部,LL型主要分布在东南部及西南部;集聚类型与耕地国家经济等指数分布保持空间一致性。耕地质量空间分异与影响因子密切相关,是多个因子交互作用的结果;从市域看,自然要素的解释力度较强;双因子交互作用驱动力强于单因子,且以非线性增强为主。基于耕地质量空间分异特征,将晋中市分为耕地高质量区、中质量区和低质量区;高质量区的主导因素为有效土层厚度和田块平整度,属自然要素及工程要素驱动型;中质量区的主导因素为有效土层厚度、单位面积农业机械投入量和灌溉保证率,属综合要素驱动型;低质量区的主导因素为地貌、坡度、耕作距离、灌溉保证率和田块平整度,属综合要素驱动型。     

Early flower initiation allows ample manipulation of flowering time in cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.)

Flower initiation date and readiness to flowering in buds of different age were studied in ‘Fino de Jete’ cherimoya (Annona cherimola) cultivar in order to establish the limits for the manipulation of its flowering date. Flower initiation was analyzed by light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) collecting axillary buds from May to the following February, whereas the bud readiness to produce perfect flowers was determined by forcing buds of different age to sprout by means of leaf removal and tipping the new growth. SEM images confirm that cherimoya buds are differentiated into flowers almost a year before blooming. In this regard, axillary buds have already formed the sepals when the subtending leaf has just begun unfolding (week 0), while the petals are clearly visible in 1-week-old buds. Sectioning of paraffin-embedded buds illustrate that cherimoya buds are in fact a bud complex that 1 week after its inception comprises 4–5 buds of different size of which the two largest ones are reproductive, while the 2–3 smallest buds often remain undifferentiated at that time. The high capacity of flowering expressed by young buds that have been forced to grow proves that cherimoya meristems are early competent for flowering. No differences in fertility or in the time needed to reach anthesis after leaf removal were found among buds of different ages. Node position had no effect on bud break and flowering potential. The early flower initiation in cherimoya deduced from this work opens a wide temporal window for the experimental manipulation of flowering and harvest dates in this crop.     

Effects of post-harvest foliar boron and calcium applications on subsequent season's pollen germination and pollen tube growth of pear (Pyrus pyrifolia)

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of foliar boron and calcium application after harvest on the quantity and activity of pollen in the ‘Housui’ and ‘Wonwhang’ pears on a subsequent year. Pollen grains of the ‘Housui’ pear were cultured on germination medium, to which had been added boric acid (0, 25, 75, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 mg L⁻¹) and calcium nitrate (0, 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, and 500 mg L⁻¹). Boric acid, which was added to the germination media, exerted a significant stimulatory effect on both pollen germination and pollen tube growth, although pollen tube growth was inhibited at higher concentrations than 300 mg L⁻¹. Calcium nitrate addition stimulated pollen germination, except at concentration of 500 mg L⁻¹. However, pollen tube growth was significantly inhibited with increasing concentrations of calcium nitrate. In the orchard experiment, boron and calcium were sprayed at concentrations of 0, 100, 200, 500 or 1000 mg L⁻¹ onto leaves after harvest, respectively. Boron and calcium content in the tissues as well as pollen production and growth were determined after these treatments. The foliar application of boron mainly resulted in an increase of boron concentration in buds. It also induced an increase in the weight of the anther and pollen in the following year. On the other hand, the foliar application of calcium resulted in an increase of calcium concentration mainly in the leaves, but pollen weight was decreased at high concentration treatment in the following year. The germination rate and tube growth of collected pollen were highest in the trees which had received boron treatment at a concentration of 200 mg L⁻¹. In contrast, the germination rate and tube growth of collected pollen were decreased by calcium application at concentrations of 500 and 1000 mg L⁻¹ without significant increase at lower concentrations. Consequently, the accumulation of boron in the developed buds of pear trees subjected to post-harvest foliar boron application generated positive effects on both the quantity and quality of pollen in the following year.