芸薹属蔬菜花期分子调控研究进展

开花是芸薹属蔬菜作物非常重要的农艺性状,有4条途径调控开花：春化途径,光周期途径,赤霉素途径和自主途径。尽管这４条途径分别受不同的基因网络调节,但最终都汇集到相同的开花路径整合子。本文以模式植物拟南芥为借鉴,综述了芸薹属蔬菜花期调控中春化途径和自主途径关键基因FLC、光周期途径中关键基因CO和赤霉素途径的分子机制,及其在开花信号整合子中的核心调节作用,并对芸薹属蔬菜花期调控的深入研究进行了展望。     

我国甘蓝型黄籽油菜育种研究进展

甘蓝型（Ｂ．ｎａｐｕｓ）黄籽油菜育种工作,在我国已进行了２０多年。育种实践表明,其黄籽色泽遗传复杂,籽粒呈“杂黄”色,长期自交不能纯化,并不断分离出黑籽。已培育出的 黄籽品种,尚不能完全适应生产的需要。黄籽育种必须与优质育种、杂交育种、生物技术相结合,才能适应育种科技发展的需要。     

Oil content and fatty acid composition of promising IndianBrassica campestris L. (Toria) genotypes

Seeds of sixty four genotypes ofBrassica campestris L. (Toria) were analyzed for oil content and fatty acid composition. Oil content varied from 38.9% to 44.6%. Major fatty acids viz. oleic, linoleic, linolenic, eicosenoic and erucic acids exhibited ranges from 10.1% to 17.3%, 5.9% to 14.5%, 5.2% to 15.0%, 7.7% to 13.7% and 39.6% to 59.9%, respectively. Compared to the standard cultivar ITSA, four genotypes contained 5 to 8% lower content of erucic acid; and six genotypes contained significantly higher content of linoleic acid. Oil was positively correlated with erucic acid. The observed inverse relationship between linoleic and erucic acid contents might be utilized in breeding nutritionally better Toria cultivars with both high linoleic and low erucic acid contents.     

白菜病程相关蛋白1基因cDNA全长的克隆与分析

 以水杨酸处理后的‘苏州青’白菜为材料, 通过RT2PCR和RACE技术, 获得了白菜病程相关蛋白PR-1基因的cDNA全长序列。该基因与甘蓝型油菜PR-1基因氨基酸序列的同源性为91% , 与拟南芥的同源性为78% , 与其它植物的同源性为57%～60%。Southern杂交表明该基因在白菜基因组中的拷贝数至少为2个。半定量RT2PCR分析表明, 2 mmol/L的水杨酸处理后12 h, 该基因的表达量达到高峰。     

INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN AND SULFUR ON YIELD AND SEED QUALITY OF THREE CANOLA CULTIVARS

In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) fertilizers on yield and seed quality of three canola cultivars, a factorial based on randomized complete block experiment was conducted during 2005–2006 in Iran. Treatments included four nitrogen rates (0, 75, 150, and 225 kg N ha^?1 source of urea), four sulfur rates (0, 100, 200, and 300 kg S ha^?1), and three cultivars (‘Pf’, ‘Option-500’, and ‘Hyola-401’). Results indicated cultivar had a significant effect on all studied traits. ‘Option-500’ and ‘Hyola-401’ cultivars had the highest seed yield, protein content, and N:S ratio in seed. The levels of 150 and 220 kg N ha^?1 resulted in the maximum protein content. Increasing N levels resulted in N content and decreased the oil content. The interaction effect between S and N levels showed the highest N content in seed was obtained with 300 kg S ha^?1 and 225 kg N ha^?1.     

Experimental Results on the Effects of Nonregular Spatial Patterns of Plants on Yield per Area

Based on several simplifying assumptions, a stochastic approach was developed which allows an estimation of the effects of nonregular spatial patterns of the distribution of individual plants on yield per area (F). In this approach, two random variables were attached to each plant: single plant yield (E) and individual space per plant (A). The latter was estimated by the area of Thiessen polygons. Yield per area was calculated theoretically by the expectation of the ratio E / A. Appropriate approximations of this expectation depend on the means (ē and ā), coefficients of variation (vE and vA) of E and A and their correlation (rEA). Yield per area can be decomposed into two additive terms: the first term gives the commonly used estimate ē/ā— or h(ā)/ā if a functional relationship between E and A is assumed: E = h(A). In this study, the two relationships E = k1 + k2 · ln A and E = A/(k3 + k4A) were used (with appropriately chosen constants k1, k2, k3, and k4). The second term in the decomposition of F can be interpreted as the effect of variable individual plant spaces on yield per area. In this paper, all theoretical concepts and results were applied to 17 experimental data sets of three cultivars of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Single plant yields (E) and individual plant areas (A) were positively correlated with correlation coefficients from 0.64 up to 0.91. The ranges for both coefficients of variation were similar: 0.27 ≤ vE ≤ 0.65 and 0.28 ≤ vA ≤ 0.59. One obtains no significant differences in the goodness-of-fit for both tested relationships between E and A although the logarithmic relationship seems to be slightly superior. For only three data sets one obtains negative values for the percentage of the second term in the decomposition of F. This indicates an overestimation of yield per area by the commonly used estimates h(ā)/ā and ē/ā, respectively. These overestimations, however, are less than 5 %. In all other cases with positive values for the second term the yield per area is underestimated by the common estimates. For almost all data sets, however, the percentages of F which are explained by the common estimates are much larger than 90 %.     

甘蓝型无花瓣油菜隐性核不育两型系NF011AB的选育

2001年春以2287A 沪油12组合的F1为母本,无瓣品系NF001为父本组配复交组合F1,并以此为基础经过6年7代的连续定向选择育成了较稳定的甘蓝型优质无花瓣油菜隐性核不育两用系NF011AB。其群体无瓣株率达99.6%～100%,全无瓣花百分率达96.3%～98.4%,花瓣度仅为0.5～1.3。不育株率为48.5%～51.7%,不育性稳定。芥酸含量为0.3%～0.6%,硫代葡萄糖甙含量21.8～23.5μmol/(g.饼),含油量43.2%～46.3%,种子蛋白质含量23.4%～25.3%。其不育株死蕾率为11.2%～17.8%,闭花率达29.3%～32.2%,能正常开放的花仅占50%～58.7%。不育株(A株)结实指数仅为1.76,比可育株(B株)低19.64。     

芸薹属作物花粉发育相关基因MS1的生物信息学分析

[目的]利用生物信息学分析芸薹属作物MS1基因的结构功能,为作物杂种优势利用提供理论参考.[方法]以拟南芥花粉发育关键基因AtMS1为参考序列,通过BLAST比对获得同源基因序列,运用生物信息学方法对其编码氨基酸序列进行预测分析.[结果]从甘蓝型油菜、白菜、甘蓝等芸薹属作物基因组中获得4条同源序列,与AtMS1基因的相似性在88.0%以上,均含有3个外显子,其CDS序列长度均为2004 bp,编码667个氨基酸.4个芸薹属作物MS1蛋白均含有1个植物同源结构域(Plant homeodomain,PHD),属于亲水性不稳定蛋白,定位于细胞核,磷酸化以丝氨酸(Ser)为主,以苏氨酸(Thr)和酪氨酸(Tyr)为辅;二级结构均由α-螺旋、β-转角、延伸链和无规则卷曲组成,其中α-螺旋所占比例最高,在40.00%以上,β-转角所占比例最低,仅为10.00%左右;其三级结构大致相同,均为球状的功能结构域.4个芸薹属作物MS1蛋白和AtMS1蛋白序列的相似性为95.69%.4个芸薹属作物MS1蛋白的PHD结构域序列高度保守,仅有3个位点氨基酸残基存在差异.19个不同植物的MS1同源蛋白聚为两大类,其中琴叶拟南芥、亚麻荠、萝卜的MS1蛋白与4个芸薹属作物MS1蛋白及拟南芥AtMS1蛋白聚为一类,均属于十字花科植物,即MS1蛋白的聚类结果与植物系统分类结果相吻合.[结论]芸薹属作物MS1基因属于PHD-finger基因家族,其序列高度保守,参与调控花粉发育成熟过程.     

Yellow- and brown-seeded canola (Brassica napus), camelina (Camelina sativa) and Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata) in practical diets for rainbow trout fingerlings

Rainbow trout (initial body weight 2.5 ± 0.3 g; 30 fish/tank; 4 tanks/treatment) were offered either the control diet or one of four test diets. The test diets contained brown seed coat canola (BSC; Brassica napus), yellow seed coat canola (YSC; Brassica rapa), Brassica carinata (Ethiopian mustard; EM), or Camelina sativa (CAM), which were added to their respective diets at a 15% dietary inclusion level. Final weight of fish fed the control (101.0 g) was higher than that of fish fed BSC (80.7 g) and CAM (85.3 g) (P < 0.05). Fish fed the control also gained more weight (98.4g) than fish fed BSC (78.2 g) and CAM (83.0 g) (P < 0.05). Fish fed YSC and EM at a 15% dietary inclusion level had a final body weight and gain that was more similar to the control than fish fed BSC and CAM. Considering the fact that there was no significant difference among treatments for SGR and FCR for the entirety of the trial, all four oilseeds have potential for use in rainbow trout feeds.     

甘蓝型油菜芥酸基因的等位性和同一性分析

中国的甘蓝型油莱高芥酸品种芥酸含量比外国的高芥酸品种高6～10％。本研究用两个中国高芥酸品种与一个加拿大和一个日本高芥酸品种杂交,其Fl与低芥酸品种测交。F2代和测交后代的分离结果表明,这些材料中的芥酸基因是等位的,也无明显的证据表明它们是复等位基因,因而很可能是同一的。这两类品种芥酸含量的差异可能与遗传背景或修饰基因有关。