Chemical changes of kenaf core binderless boards during hot pressing (I): influence of the pressing temperature condition

Self-bonding is the main factor of the performance expression of binderless boards, and therefore its clarification is considered to be an important issue. For this purpose, a series of chemical analyses were conducted on kenaf core binderless boards and their chemical changes during the hot-pressing process are discussed in this article. First of all, binderless boards were prepared from kenaf core powder at different pressing temperatures (without steam-explosion process) and were used for chemical analyses after they were reduced into powders and extracted with methanol. To investigate their chemical changes, lignin, holocellulose, and neutral sugar contents were determined, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were recorded, and the nitrobenzene oxidation procedure was applied. As a result, it was found that parts of lignin and hemicelullose were decomposed during the hot-pressing process; however, the contribution of the resulting fractions to selfbonding was not observed. In addition, progress of condensation reactions in lignin and the formation of chemical bonds by low molecular weight conjugated carbonyl compounds in methanol extractives were observed. Thermal softening of lignin is also suggested to play an important role in the expression of board performance.     

含铅的多元氢阴极电催化性能的研究

用电沉积法制备Ｍｏ－Ｗ－Ｎｉ－Ｐｂ－Ｃａ多元活性阴极，研究了在０．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ Ｈ２ＳＯ４中的析氢反应，结果表明，多元阴极具有较高的电催化活性，其析氢过电位比软钢阴极降低３０５ｍＶ，ｉ０提高三个数量级，且有较好的稳定性，并用光电子能谱研究了表面组成和结构。证实表面有：Ｎｉ，ＮｉＯ，ＭｏＯ２，ＭｏＯ＾２－４，ＷＯ３，ＰｂＯ２，ＰｂＯ，Ｃａ＾＋＋等物质。     

野扁桃ISSR-PCR反应体系的优化

以野扁桃为材料,对影响ISSR-PCR扩增结果的Mg2 、dNTPs、Taq酶、模板DNA、引物等因素进行筛选和优化,确立了适合野扁桃ISSR分析的最佳反应体系:25μL PCR反应体系中包含1×Buffer,2.0 mmol.L-1Mg2 ,160μmol.L-1dNTPs,模板DNA30 ng,Taq聚合酶1 U,引物15 pmol。     

玉米、小麦、水稻秸秆自然发酵的生化变化

测定玉米、小麦、水稻干秸秆在自然发酵中的生化变化.结果表明:玉米秸秆气味香甜,pH下降迅速并保持在4.2以下,挥发性发酵产物种类有13种,主要为乙醇、乙酸、乳酸及甘油等利于提高饲料品质的物质;而小麦和水稻秸秆质地生硬,生料气味,pH下降困难,挥发性发酵产物多达20种,其中乳酸和乙酸较少,而产生丁酸等影响发酵品质的物质较多;发酵物中可溶性糖含量的变化在一定程度上反映其优劣;当发酵初期可溶性糖较多时,pH下降迅速,后期可溶性糖含量平稳;而当初期可溶性糖含量较低时,pH下降缓慢,后期可溶性糖含量则一直下降.     

一种绿色合成N1-取代的3,4-二氢嘧啶酮的简便方法

以等摩尔芳香醛(10 mmol)、乙酰乙酸甲(乙)酯和单取代脲为原料,一水合硫酸氢钠(0.5 mmol)为催化剂,在70℃、无溶剂条件下,采用Biginelli"一锅法"合成了一系列N1-取代的3,4-二氢嘧啶酮衍生物.考察了催化剂用量和反应温度对产率的影响.产品结构经IR,~1H NMR和~(13)C NMR进行表征,并通过X-单晶衍射分析确证了其结构.提出了可能的催化作用机理.该方法操作简单,反应条件温和,催化剂廉价易得,产品产率高,是一种绿色合成方法.     

桉树随机引物PCR反应体系优化研究

以桉树DNA为模板,采用单因素试验方法研究dNTP浓度、Mg2＋浓度及退火温度对桉树随机引物PCR反应结果的影响。试验结果表明,最优的反应体系为：20μL的PCR反应体积中,10×Buffer2.0μL,Mg2＋（25 mmol/L）1.28μL,dNTP（10 mmol/L）0.4μL,Primer（10μmol/L）2.0μL,Taq（5 U/μL）0.2μL,DNA2.0μL;最优扩增程序：94℃预变性2 min,然后进行35个循环（94℃变性30 s,36℃退火30 s,72℃延伸2 min）,最后72℃延伸10 min。     

Sperm competition and the evolution of sperm form and function in mammals

Sperm competition is a powerful selective force that has influenced many reproductive traits in males and females although additional evolutionary explanations may help to understand the diversity of mammalian reproduction. Sperm morphology varies considerably in mammals with extreme examples in several rodent lineages in which a wide range of sizes and complex head morphologies have been identified. Mammalian spermatozoa also differ in function, with swimming velocity and trajectory showing much divergence. Underlying processes mediating function have received little attention so far, but differences in timing and proportion of sperm undergoing capacitation or acrosomal exocytosis may be related to variation in signalling processes. Furthermore, energy required for sperm functions (such as motion, signalling and overall maintenance of cell integrity) can be produced and consumed, following different patterns among species and this could be the result of several selective forces. A more thorough understanding of the diversity in structure and function of sperm cells, and underlying selective forces, may help us develop better methods to assess them taking into account particulars and generalities of sperm form and performance. Such tests could then become more reliable in estimations of the impact of cryopreservation or effect of changes in the environment and their relevance for fertility.     

First report of porcine circovirus type 2 infections in Cuba

To obtain information about the porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection status of pigs in Cuba and the probable association of PCV2 with other porcine viruses, tissue samples collected from ill pigs were evaluated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR analysis showed that 67.7% of the samples (23/34) from seven swine herds of six different geographic regions were detected to be positive for PCV2. Ten of the 23 PCV2 positive samples (43.5%) shown a concurrent infection with porcine parvovirus (PPV) and 17 of 23 PCV2 positive samples (73.9%) exhibited a concomitant infection with classical swine fever virus (CSFV). This study is the first report of PCV2 infecting pigs with different clinical conditions in Cuban swine herds and provides evidence of PCV2 co-infection with PPV and CSFV in the field.     

The pH of bodenburg silt loam soil as related to forest cover and time under cultivation

Abstract

Soil pH's were evaluated at three time intervals following land clearing at two locations in the Matanuska Valley. Seasonal fluctuations of pH values over a seven‐year period as determined in water (pH_w,) and 0.01 M CaCl₂ (pH_s) were additionally evaluated at these locations. A statistical rise in soil pH occurred at both locations with clearing and subsequent cultivation. Soil reaction differences related to season and year were not consistent and were not related to a definite pattern. No relationship between monthly or seasonal precipitation and the soil reaction was found. The correlation coefficient between pH_w and pH_s was highly significant. Work of other investigators is discussed in the interpretation of the data collected.     

冻胀反力系数在渠道衬砌冻胀弹性地基梁模型中的应用

为了探究渠道基土在冻胀过程中的非线性变形特性对渠道衬砌冻胀的影响,基于冻土三轴试验结果,建立考虑围压和温度的邓肯-张本构模型,参考室内三轴试验测定基床系数方法,应用数值模拟法建立冻胀反力系数随被约束冻胀量变化的计算式,并基于有限差分法离散弹性地基梁平衡微分方程。模型考虑衬砌不同点因被约束冻胀量不同引起冻胀反力系数不同的取值问题,克服以往模型中冻胀反力系数取常量的不足。应用解析解验证模型的合理性,探究冻胀反力系数分别为变量与常量时在梯形渠道衬砌冻胀力学响应计算结果上的差异。结果表明,对于边坡和渠底衬砌板,常量冻胀反力系数计算出的最大冻胀反力是变量的1.43倍,计算出的弯矩最大值平均是变量的1.12倍。因此在采用弹性地基梁理论分析渠道衬砌冻胀问题时,若冻胀反力系数采用常量,不考虑冻土的非线性变形,会使得计算结果偏大。研究结果可为大型梯形渠道衬砌抗冻胀设计提供参考。