环境中邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)污染物研究进展

邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)是一种环境激素类化合物,在生物体内有极强的富集作用,对环境安全和人体健康的威胁极大,目前已引起了人们的广泛关注.本文从PAEs有机污染物在环境中的分布特征、分析与检测方法、生物富集与迁移以及生物与非生物降解等方面综述了国内外最新研究进展,认为环境中的PAEs大部分来源于人工合成途径,可被土壤、沉积物及一些悬浮泥沙中的有机物质所吸附.PAEs进入土壤或大气环境后,通过作物吸收作用会在作物体内有一定残留,环境中的PAEs可通过生物与非生物两种方式进行降解,生物降解被认为是PAEs降解的主要形式.文章指出了已有研究中存在的不足之处并对未来的研究进行展望,认为今后应着重从PAEs的环境行为、PAEs健康风险评价、PAEs污染的治理与削减技术以及PAEs替代产品开发等方面开展相关研究.     

藏中矿区先锋植物重金属积累特征及耐性研究

西藏中部矿区重金属污染严重,在矿区废弃地的先锋植物中筛选和研究适合当地气候与土壤条件的重金属耐性植物,是藏中矿区植被恢复和污染土壤修复的前提。本研究采用野外调查取样,并结合室内分析测试来进行。对矿区尾矿库生长的6种先锋植物及其土壤重金属含量进行测定分析,结果表明：拉屋矿区尾矿库重金属污染严重,并且土壤受到Zn,Cu,Pb,Cd元素的复合污染;6种先锋植物均能适应矿区土壤重金属元素较高的环境,对重金属具有一定的耐性;6种植物对重金属的吸收表现出3种特征：尼泊尔酸模（Rumex nepalensis）和紫羊茅（Festuca rubra）属于富集型植物;高山嵩草（Kobresia pygmaea）、高原荨麻（Urtica hyperborea）、珠芽蓼（Polygonum viviparum）属于根部囤积型植物;垂穗披碱草（Elymus nutans）属于重金属规避型植物;在复合污染条件下,尼泊尔酸模对Zn的吸收超过1000 mg·kg^-1,高原荨麻对Cd的吸收超过50 mg·kg^-1,高原荨麻和尼泊尔酸模具备超富集植物的特征和潜能,对尾矿库区重金属污染有较强的耐性,可作为治理该地区污染环境的修复材料。     

Macronutrient Balance of Nickel-Stressed Lettuce Plants Grown under Different Sulfur Levels

This study investigated whether intensive nutrition with sulfur–sulfate (S-SO₄) (2, 6, or 9 mM S) of nickel-stressed (0, 0.0004, 0.04, or 0.08 mM Ni) butterhead lettuce cv. Justyna may improve macronutrient balance and reduce Ni bioaccumulation. Nickel exposure resulted in various unfavorable changes in the macronutrient content together with increase of Ni accumulation in the biomass. Intensive S nutrition of Ni-treated lettuce seems to have no beneficial effect on macronutrient balance. In general, it significantly reduced the root and foliar phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and S content and simultaneously did not affect the magnesium (Mg) content in the biomass. At the same time, the nitrogen (N) content was reduced in roots and elevated in shoots. Supplementation of Ni-exposed lettuce with high S doses raised in roots and reduced foliar Ni accumulation; however, Ni content in useable parts exceeded the acceptable limits established for consumption.     

Endocrine disruption and metabolic changes following exposure of Cyprinus carpio to diethyl phthalate

Diethyl phthalate (DEP) enter into aquatic environment from industries manufacturing cosmetics, plastic and many commercial products and can pose potential fish and human health hazard. This experiment evaluated effects of DEP in adult male (89 g) common carp (Cyprinus carpio) by exposing them to fractions of LC₅₀ (1/500-1/2.5) doses with every change of water for 28 days. Vitellogenin induction metabolic enzymes, somatic indices and bioaccumulation were studied on 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day. The 96th hour LC₅₀ of DEP in fingerlings was found to be 48 mg/L. Compared to control, except increase (P < 0.01) in alkaline phosphatase activity (EC 3.1.3.1) and liver size, there was decrease (P < 0.01) in activity of acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2), aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1), alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2) and testiculosomatic index following exposure to 1, 5 and 20 ppm DEP. Significant (P < 0.01) dose dependant vitellogenin induction was observed with exposure of fish to 0.1, 1 and 5 ppm DEP. The bioaccumulation of DEP in testis, liver, brain, gills and more importantly in muscle tissues of fish increased significantly (P < 0.01) with increase of dose from 1 to 5 ppm. Significant interaction (P < 0.01) of dose and duration of exposure indicated that exposure period of a week to two was sufficient to bring about changes in quantifiable parameters studied. Fish exposed to 20 ppm DEP became lethargic and discolored during onset of the 4th week. This is the first report describing metabolic changes and vitellogenin induction following exposure of C. carpio to DEP dose that is as low as 1/500th fraction of LC₅₀.     

扎龙湿地水体重金属沿食物链的生物累积分析

采用原子吸收法,对苍鹭(Ardea cinerea)卵、雏鸟的肝、肾、肌肉、羽毛4种组织器官及泥鳅(Misgurnus bipartitus)、细鳞斜颌鲴(Plagiognathops Microlepis)、葛氏鲈塘鳢(Perccotus glehni)、麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva)、银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)及湖(?)(Phoxinus percnurus)6种鱼类组织内的Cu、Zn、Mn、Cd、Pb等重金属的含量进行了测定,分析了这几种重金属在鱼体内及卵和雏鸟体内含量的分布关系,结果表明:重金属Cu、Zn、Mn、Pb和Cd在苍鹭体内各组织中积累量不同,其总含量依次为Zn>Cu>Mn>Cd>Pb;在25日龄苍鹭雏鸟各组织中,肝脏和羽毛的5种金属的含量较其它组织器官高。在扎龙湿地生态系统不同营养级生物体内,重金属Cu、Zn、Mn、Pb、Cd的含量随食物链等级的升高而积累放大,水体中重金属的含量最低,鱼体内重金属含量次之,而苍鹭体内重金属含量最高,体内积累量沿生物营养等级而递增的规律性很强。在此基础上,探讨了重金属元素经食物链产生的生物累积放大作用对位于食物链最高营养级鸟类生存所构成的潜在威胁,从而为珍稀水禽保护及管理措施的制定提供一些依据。     

三叶草对重金属镉的富集特性研究

研究了不同质量浓度镉胁迫下三叶草对重金属的富集特性.结果表明,在试验所设定的镉质量浓度范围内,三叶草的根、茎、叶各部均未出现明显的镉毒害症状,说明三叶草对镉胁迫有一定的耐受性.在不同质量浓度镉胁迫下,三叶草根、茎、叶各部的镉含量均出现了不同程度的变化,不论是地上部分或是地下部分,其富集系数均随着镉质量浓度的增加呈现下降...     

杂草在土壤重金属污染修复中的应用

就杂草对重金属的超富积特性、杂草在修复重金属污染土壤上的优势进行了综述,认为杂草具有抗逆境能力强、生长迅速、繁殖能力强,在环境条件适宜情况下生物量能够急剧提高等特点,可以弥补现有植物修复的缺点和不足,是较理想的土壤重金属污染植物修复资源。     

Bioaccumulation and Distribution of Lead,Zinc, and Cadmium in Crops of Solanaceae Family

Comparative research has been carried out to determine the quantities and accumulation of lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) in the vegetative and reproductive organs of crops of the Solanaceae family (tomato, pepper, and aubergine) as well as to identify the possibilities of growing them on soils contaminated by heavy metals. The analyses were carried out by inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry after dry ashing. Heavy metals have an impact on the development and productivity of the crops of the Solanaceae family. The high anthropogenic contamination impedes the normal development and fruit‐bearing ability of the pepper and aubergine plants, and in the case of tomatoes, it led to an increased assimilation of heavy metals without reducing the yield and the quality of the production of tomatoes. Crops from the Solanaceae family, tomato, pepper, and aubergine plants, could be cultivated on soils having low and medium levels of contamination of heavy metals, because they do not show a tendency to accumulating Pb, Zn, and Cd in their fruits, which could still be used for consumption.     

培养料中重金属对真姬菇产品质量安全的影响

研究表明，子实体中As、Hg、Pb、Cd4种重金属的浓度随着添加水平升高而增大．但是富集系数逐渐降低。通过对培养料中重金属添加浓度与子实体含量的回归分析发现二者的线性相关关系显著。按照国家标准中As、Hg、Pb、Cd的最高允许含量确定真姬菇的培养料中As、Hg、Pb、Cd的安全限量值应不高于5．0、1．0、3．5、1．0mg／kg。     

溴氰菊酯对4种海水养殖生物的毒性及其积累

以海水养殖的2种甲壳类动物(远海梭子蟹Portunus pelagicus、日本囊对虾Marsupenaeus japonicus)和2种双壳类动物(文蛤Meretrix meretrix、菲律宾蛤仔Ruditapes philippinarum)为材料,进行了溴氰菊酯对4种海水养殖生物的急性毒性及其积累实验研究。结果显示,4种海水养殖生物的死亡率与溴氰菊酯浓度及其暴露时间成显著正相关。溴氰菊酯对远海梭子蟹和日本囊对虾的24 h LC50、48 h LC50、96 h LC50分别为2.07×10–4、1.70×10–4、1.10×10–4 mg/L和7.32×10–4、3.90×10–4、1.43×10–4 mg/L,安全浓度分别为3.44×10–5 mg/L和3.32×10–5 mg/L;溴氰菊酯对文蛤和菲律宾蛤仔的24 h LC50、48 h LC50、96 h LC50分别为1.52、0.30、0.27 mg/L和0.67、0.11、0.06 mg/L,安全浓度分别为3.51×10–3 mg/L和9.50×10–4 mg/L。溴氰菊酯对远海梭子蟹、日本囊对虾的毒性明显大于文蛤和菲律宾蛤仔。文蛤和菲律宾蛤仔在溴氰菊酯平均浓度分别为0.86–0.05 mg/L和0.37– 0.03 mg/L的水体中暴露24–96 h时,其对溴氰菊酯的积累系数分别为2.57–12.40和3.03–27.85,文蛤和菲律宾蛤对溴氰菊酯的积累率与暴露时间成正相关,与暴露浓度成负相关。不同种类的海水养殖生物对溴氰菊酯的敏感性及其积累率存在显著差异。