粘红酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌菌肥对芸豆豆苗生长的影响

[目的]为了探索餐厨废水资源化利用,以生产生物肥料的可行性.[方法]以餐厨废水为原料,分别接种粘红酵母（R.glutinis）和地衣芽孢杆菌（B.licheniformis）进行发酵培养,获得生物菌肥,以基肥形式进行芸豆盆栽肥效测试,分别测定了粘红酵母菌肥、地衣芽孢杆菌菌肥及二者的混合菌肥对芸豆豆苗生长的影响.[结果]粘红酵母利用餐厨废水发酵24h以后可积累生物量10 g/L以上,地衣芽孢杆菌利用餐厨废水发酵60h后高温淀粉酶活力可达950 U以上;施以单一菌肥时,粘红酵母菌肥和地衣芽孢杆菌菌肥对豆苗径粗增长均有促进作用（前者的促进作用更明显）,而对豆苗株高增长有明显的抑制效应;以不同剂量、不同比例施以混合菌肥时,当粘红酵母与地衣芽孢杆菌质量比为4∶1,总施肥量为0.2g/盆时,混合菌肥对径粗的促进作用最大,对株高的抑制效应最小.[结论]粘红酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌的混合菌对芸豆豆苗径粗增长有明显的促进作用,可作为生物肥料使用.     

Effects of vermicompost and vermiwash biofertilizers on fenugreek (Trigonella foenum) plant

ABSTRACT

In order to evaluate the effect of vermicompost and vermiwash biofertilizers on the traits of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum) plant, a field experiment of a randomized complete block design with 8 treatments and 3 replications was conducted. The treatments consisted of control without fertilizer, vermicompost at 5, 10, and 15 tons per hectare, vermiwash spraying with 3,000, 6,000, and 12,000 ppm, and a combined application of 10 tons of vermicompost with 6,000 ppm vermiwash. In this research, traits of crop growth rate (CGR), pod length, pod width, grain yield, chlorophyll a and b, essential oil percentage, and essential oil yield were evaluated. The results revealed that the use of vermicompost biofertilizer increased the measured quantitative traits more than that of the vermiwash. The most and the least effects on all traits, except for the length of the pod, were 15 and 5 tons vermicompost per hectare, respectively. The treatment of 10 tons of vermicompost with 6,000 ppm vermiwash did not show significant differences in 10 and 15 tons vermicompost per hectare in most traits. It was observed that the application of vermicompost fertilizer leads to weaker results than the vermiwash fertilizer. With the increase of vermiwash concentration, the effect of this fertilizer on the measured traits reduced; however, in most traits, the results of the application of 3,000 and 6,000 ppm vermiwash had a statistically significant effect on the treatment with 5 tons of vermicompost per hectare. Overall, this experiment showed that all the evaluated traits in this study have a positive reaction to the application of vermicompost and vermiwash biofertilizers. Also, the response of the fenugreek plant to the vermicompost is much greater than the vermiwash fertilizer.     

生物肥料对油菜的促生及菌核病防治的研究

盆栽试验证明,施用枯草芽孢杆Tu-100制作的生物肥料,在油菜5叶期时,植株干重比对照增加1.80%,叶绿素含量增加17.15%;油菜根际的好气性细菌总数比对照有一定的提高,产量比对照增加7.90%。田间小区试验表明,施用生物肥料的处理,在油菜5叶期时,植株干重比对照增加3.88%,叶绿素含量增加3.67%,植株的全磷和全钾的含量也有不同程度的增加,产量增加4.90%;此生物肥料对油菜菌核病菌核的萌发有一定的抑制作用。     

固氮蓝藻的农业应用研究进展

作为可固氮固碳的自养光合微生物,固氮蓝藻是一种非常重要的微生物资源。关于固氮蓝藻在农业生产上的应用始于1939年印度首次报道用固氮蓝藻肥田,之后一段时期虽然受到国际广泛关注,但最终并未实现规模化推广应用。究其原因既与化肥在世界范围内的大规模使用有关,也与自身技术相对复杂、成本高和可靠性低有关。对于前者虽然化肥的农业增产作用巨大,但其对农业自身和生态环境的负面影响日益凸显。而对于后者,新的固氮蓝藻规模化生产技术和新的接种技术的发展正在逐步消除这些缺陷。在当前国家要求农业"减量化"和"低碳化"发展的背景下,固氮蓝藻作为生态环保的生物肥料可能迎来新的发展契机。同时,除了作为生物肥料,近年来国内外的研究表明固氮蓝藻具有多重农业应用价值,可能在作物生长调节剂和生物农药开发、农业环境污染防治和农业生态环境保护等方面发挥作用。因此,本文就国内外近5年(2013—2017年)关于固氮蓝藻的农业应用进展进行了全面综述,并就存在的问题和今后的发展方向做了展望。今后固氮蓝藻作物生长调节方面需深入研究藻激素的代谢和调控机制,藻接种技术方面需深入研究生物膜中藻类和其他微生物的互作关系,抗病虫害方面需要进行更多的田间试验以评估其实际应用效果并阐明抗性机制,降解有机农药方面需深入研究降解关键酶、降解途径和大田应用技术,生态环境保护方面需评估固氮蓝藻抗旱抗盐碱实际应用效果并阐明其机理。     

PGPRs of plum (Prunus domestica) rhizosphere enhance plant growth and antagonise fungal activity in vitro

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) promote the plant growth by various direct and indirect mechanisms. The present study was undertaken to isolate and characterise the PGPRs of plum (Prunus domestica) rhizosphere in Pakistan. A total of 95 rhizobacteria were isolated, out of which 40 strains were selected on the basis of morphological, biochemical and Gram staining characteristics. The selected isolates were screened for in vitro plant growth promoting potential and were subsequently evaluated for host plant growth promotion. The selected isolates demonstrated strong lytic enzymatic activities and were able to produce ammonia, siderophore, Hydrogen cyanide along with capability of phosphate solubilisation. Moreover, the results showed a significant growth suppression of pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani in an in vitro assay. The plant microbe interaction study was carried out using 11 most efficient rhizobacterial strains inoculated to roots of plum plants. The inoculated PGPRs significantly augmented the leaves number per shoot, shoot diameter, shoot length and plant height. The inoculation also significantly increased the chlorophyll contents of leaves, concentration of micro and macro nutrients compared with control. The current study shows the importance of these selected PGPRs as bio-fertilizer to improve the health and productivity of plum species in Pakistan.     

普施特残留污染水田的生物降解技术研究

通过试验对生物肥降解水田普施特药害的效果进行研究,结果表明:普施特残留量17.78μg/kg的处理单株分蘖比残留量0～8.89μg/kg的处理低1倍左右;生物肥对水稻生长发育和干物质积累有一定影响,当生物肥用量30.0kg/hm2时,干物质积累最快,根量最多;普施特残留量达到17.78μg/kg时,水稻成熟期拖后10d左右,但是不施生物肥的处理比施生物肥的处理还要晚2～3d;普施特残留量相同时,生物肥用量30.0kg/hm2的处理产量最高;随着普施特残留量的增加,水稻产量降低,当普施特残留量0～8.89μg/kg时,减产不超过20%;普施特残留量17.78μg/kg时,水稻减产50%左右。     

施不同生物肥的基质对无籽西瓜生长、产量及品质的影响

以无籽西瓜品种＂蜜童＂为试材,泥炭、珍珠岩及稻草等为栽培基质,分析比较5种基质与生物肥的组合对无籽西瓜生长、产量及品质的影响。研究结果表明,在废弃旧基质（泥炭∶珍珠岩为3∶1的体积比）中,加入2kg/m2发酵的生物秸秆反应堆或0.5kg/m2复合肥对无籽西瓜有显著的增产作用,同时能改善其品质。     

生物肥和氯嘧磺隆对水稻土壤微生物和土壤酶活性的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了三种不同生物肥在不同浓度氯嘧磺隆胁迫下对水稻微生物数量和土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,在水稻拔节期,供试三种生物肥在不同浓度氯嘧磺隆胁迫下均可提高土壤细菌数量,生物肥Ⅰ可提高土壤放线菌数量,生物肥Ⅱ在低浓度氯嘧磺隆胁迫下,土壤放线菌数量与CK无差别,高浓度氯嘧磺隆（3μg.kg-1）胁迫下,可提高土壤放线菌数量。生物肥Ⅲ在施用0.3μg.kg-1氯嘧磺隆时可提高土壤放线菌数量,而氯磺隆常规浓度胁迫下,显著降低土壤放线菌数量。在水稻成熟期,生物肥Ⅰ低浓度氯嘧磺隆胁迫下对水稻细菌、放线菌和真菌数量无影响,高浓度氯嘧磺隆胁迫下土壤三种微生物数量减少。生物肥Ⅱ在低浓度氯嘧磺隆胁迫下对三种微生物数量无影响,高浓度氯嘧磺隆胁迫下可使土壤微生物数量增加。生物肥Ⅲ在不同浓度氯嘧磺隆胁迫下对细菌数量影响不明显,高浓度氯磺隆胁迫下,显著降低土壤放线菌数量。供试三种生物肥在不同浓度氯嘧磺隆胁迫下均可提高土壤脲酶活性。生物肥Ⅱ解药害能力弱其他两种生物肥较好,有待于田间试验进一步验证。     

生物肥在番茄上的应用试验

在高寒地区日光温室试验条件下,选用生物肥九菌王、EM、肥士特、阿姆斯4种生物肥和不同施肥时期两因素的番茄生产筛选试验。结果表明:这4种生物肥均能显著增加番茄的产量,而且在移栽缓苗后,结果初期施用该肥增产效果更好。EM、九菌王和肥士特均能显著提高番茄的糖分含量和维生素含量,阿姆斯对番茄维生素含量的增加效果不明显,因而EM、九菌王、肥士特可以在番茄生产上推广施用。     

生防菌株B9601-Y2对作物生长和产量的影响

为获知解淀粉芽孢杆菌植生性亚种(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarium)菌株B9601-Y2在田间的促生长和增产应用效果,探讨其在农业生产中作为生物肥料的潜力,通过田间试验对解淀粉芽孢杆菌菌株B9601-Y2促进作物生长的效果进行验证。田间试验结果表明,接种菌株B9601-Y2能明显促进作物的生长发育,作物各项生长指标如出苗率、株高和单果质量等均有提高,更重要的是其能显著提高作物的经济学产量。黄瓜、番茄和玉米接种菌株B9601-Y2后,产量比对照分别提高9.5%～12.6%、18.9%～24.8%和7.3%～11.5%。