Residual nitrogen effect of clover-ryegrass swards on yield and N uptake of a subsequent winter wheat crop as studied by use of N methodology and mathematical modelling

The residual effect of 2-year-old swards of clover-ryegrass mixture and ryegrass in monoculture on yield and N uptake in a subsequent winter wheat crop was investigated by use of the ¹⁵N dilution method and by mathematical modelling. The amount of N in the wheat crop, derived from clover-ryegrass residues was 25–43% greater than that derived from residues of ryegrass which had been growing in monoculture. Expressed in absolute values, the N uptake in the subsequent winter wheat crop was 23–28 kg N ha ⁻¹ greater after clover-ryegrass mixture than after ryegrass in monoculture. Up to about 54 kg N ha⁻¹ of the N mineralised from the clover-ryegrass crop was calculated to be leached, whereas only 11 kg N ha⁻¹ was leached following ryegrass in monoculture.     

小麦/玉米/大豆和小麦/玉米/甘薯套作对土壤氮素含量及氮素转移的影响

为探讨小麦/玉米/大豆套作对氮素营养的种间促进机制, 采用叶片¹⁵N富积标记法研究了小麦/玉米/大豆(A1)和小麦/玉米/甘薯(A2) 2种套作系统中不同施氮水平下的土壤培肥效果和氮素转移规律。结果表明,施氮可以提高小麦、玉米的土壤总氮含量,以施纯氮150~300 kg hm^-2处理最高;大豆较甘薯更有利于保持土壤肥力,施氮0、150、300和450 kg hm^-2水平下种植大豆后的土壤总氮含量比种植大豆前(小麦收获后)高38.6%、20.2%、9.4%和16.7%,而种植甘薯则降低总氮含量3.1%、1.8%、14.0%和3.8%。A1系统中小麦和玉米季土壤中NO₃-N含量低于A2系统,且随施氮量的增加而增加;大豆季土壤中NO₃-N含量高于甘薯季。A1和A2系统均存在¹⁵N的双向转移,¹⁵N转移量随施氮量的增加而降低,且A1的¹⁵N净转移量和转移强度高于A2;A1系统中小麦、玉米和大豆的¹⁵N净转移量比A2系统的¹⁵N净转移量分别高3.3%~12.1%、27.0%~166.2%和26.2%~78.7%。玉米与小麦之间的¹⁵N净转移方向为从玉米向小麦,玉米与大豆之间的¹⁵N净转移方向为从大豆向玉米,玉米与甘薯之间的¹⁵N净转移方向为从玉米向甘薯。     

20%哒虱威乳油等15种农药防治柑桔木虱田间药效试验

控制柑桔木虱是柑桔黄龙病综合防治最重要的技术措施。柑桔木虱成虫的高效传病性、近距离扩散性、终生带毒性和快速传病性,决定了用来防治柑桔木虱成虫的农药要求速效性好、防效高（药后24h的防效＞95%）。由于受到试验地虫源和试验条件的限制,柑桔木虱的有效防治药剂筛选严重滞后。2006—2007年我们做了15种农药的田间药效试验,结果表明：哒虱威EC 200mg(a.i)/L、丁硫克百威EC 400mg(a.i)/L对柑桔木虱成虫药后24h的防效＞95％;防效在94.9%~90％的有异丙威200mg(a.i)/L、133mg(a.i)/L、丁硫克百威EC 250mg(a.i)/L;噻嗪酮250mg(a.i)/L的防效只有30.8%;防效低于30％的药剂有灭多威200mg(a.i)/L、鱼藤酮150mg(a.i)/L、机油乳剂9500mg(a.i)/L、阿维菌素20mg(a.i)/L和石硫合剂1波美度。机油乳剂与哒虱威混用无增效作用。     

White lupine as a beneficial crop in Southern Europe: I. Potential for N mineralization in lupine amended soil and yield and N2 fixation by white lupine

Two experiments were carried out at Pegões (central Portugal) to determine the potential N mineralization in a pulse amended disturbed and undisturbed soil incubated at several temperatures, and to evaluate for 2 years the yield and N₂ fixation capacity of sweet lupine (Lupinus albus L. cv. Estoril) inoculated with a mixture of rhizobia strains or nodulated by indigenous soil bacteria and submitted to conventional tillage or no-till practices. A completely randomized block design for soil mobilization with three replicates was used for the laboratory study, and completely randomized blocks for inoculation and tillage treatments with four replicates were used for the lupine yield and N₂ fixation experiment. Residue N immobilization occurred immediately after mature residue return to the soil independent of temperature, and was greater at 7 °C especially in the disturbed topsoil. Greater immobilization was also observed by doubling the amount of mature residue incorporated in the soil. This was expected since soil microorganisms would be in direct contact with the fresh organic matter and would be provided with more organic carbon under these circumstances. Nitrogen mineralization proceeded after 5 days of amendment. Potential N mineralization was higher at 25 °C than at 18 or 7 °C, for both conventional and no-till practices. At 25 °C, 42% of buried residue-¹⁵N was released over 210 days, at a smaller rate than 18 °C (49%) over 81 days. Lupine yield and N₂ fixation capacity were similar in plots that were not inoculated and those receiving the mixture of three rhizobia strains. White lupine had an efficient symbiosis with indigenous soil rhizobia at pod-filling (>99%, >100 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) which was not affected by tillage. At this stage, plant residue including visible roots and nodules accounted for a soil N input of +96 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ (91% of crop N), showing the large soil N benefit by the crop at this stage. The lupine residue at pod-filling stage can be used as a green manure under the conditions of organic farming systems. The apparent N “harvest” index of the pulse at pod-filling was only 9% though at maturity phase it should result in a higher value and the legume will show a lower fertilizer N value.     

黑龙江西部旱作玉米水肥生产潜力试验研究

以氮肥、磷肥、补水量为试验因子,以玉米产量为指标,利用MINITAB15统计分析软件进行试验设计和数据分析,通过响应曲面法建立水肥相互作用对玉米产量影响的二次多项数学模型。利用模型的等值线图对影响玉米产量的关键因子及其相互作用进行了探讨,以玉米产量为响应值优化得出玉米生产潜力田间试验值的条件:氮肥为241.1 kg/hm2,磷肥为173.1 kg/hm2,补水量为108.3 m3/hm2,玉米田区生产潜力试验值为12 224 kg/hm2。     

N tracing models with a Monte Carlo optimization procedure provide new insights on gross N transformations in soils

¹⁵N tracing studies in combination with analyses via process-based models are the current “state-of-the-art” technique to quantify gross nitrogen (N) transformation rates in soils. A crucial component of this technique is the optimization algorithm which primarily decides how many model parameters can simultaneously be estimated. Recently, we published a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method which has the potential to simultaneously estimate large number of parameters in ¹⁵N tracing models [Müller et al., 2007. Estimation of parameters in complex ¹⁵N tracing models by Monte Carlo sampling. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 39, 715-726].Here, we present the results of a reanalysis of datasets by Kirkham and Bartholomew [1954. Equations for following nutrient transformations in soil, utilizing tracer data. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 18, 33-34], Myrold and Tiedje [1986. Simultaneous estimation of several nitrogen cycle rates using ¹⁵N: theory and application. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 18, 559-568] and Watson et al. [2000. Overestimation of gross N transformation rates in grassland soils due to non-uniform exploitation of applied and native pools. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 32, 2019-2030] using the MCMC technique. Analytical solutions such as the ones derived by Kirkham and Bartholomew [1954. Equations for following nutrient transformations in soil, utilizing tracer data. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 18, 33-34] result in gross rates without uncertainties. We show that the analysis of the same data sets with the MCMC method provides standard deviations for gross N transformations. The standard deviations are further reduced if realistic data uncertainties are considered. Reanalyzing data by Myrold and Tiedje [1986. Simultaneous estimation of several nitrogen cycle rates using ¹⁵N: theory and application. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 18, 559-568] (Capac soil) resulted in a model fit similar to the one of the original analysis but with more precise estimates of gross N transformations. In addition, our analysis showed that small N transformations such as heterotrophic nitrification, which was neglected in the original analysis, could be quantified for this soil. Watson et al. [2000. Overestimation of gross N transformation rates in grassland soils due to non-uniform exploitation of applied and native pools. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 32, 2019-2030] provided evidence of a non-uniform exploitation of applied and native N that led to an overestimation of gross N transformations. Reanalyzing the data (CENIT soil, low N application) with the Müller et al. [2007. Estimation of parameters in complex ¹⁵N tracing models by Monte Carlo sampling. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 39, 715-726] model where oxidation was set to Michaelis-Menten kinetics resulted in a satisfactory fit between modeled and observed data, indicating that the observed artifact by Watson et al. [2000. Overestimation of gross N transformation rates in grassland soils due to non-uniform exploitation of applied and native pools. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 32, 2019-2030] was mainly due to inappropriate kinetic settings. Our study shows that the combination of a MCMC method with ¹⁵N tracing models is able to consider more complex and possibly more realistic models and kinetic settings to estimate gross N transformation rates and thus overcomes restriction of previous ¹⁵N tracing techniques.     

关于不同籼稻品种和施肥时期稻株对15N的吸收及其分配的研究

氮肥吸收率随不同水稻品种产量水平的提高而提高。稻株对氮肥的吸收率在分蘖期各品种之间差异不显著,而在灌浆成熟期表现其显著差异,即矮秆水稻品种和杂交稻对氮肥的吸收利用率高于高秆水稻品种。杂交稻汕优63,稻株对穗肥15N的吸收收率明显高于基肥15N和分蘖肥15N。杂交稻汕优63在抽穗后20天,有50%或50%以上被吸收的15N转     

中国亚热带红壤旱坡地花生系统尿酸氮素去向

A field experiment was conducted to study the outcome of N using isotope-labeled urea with a peanut cropping system in a Udic Ferrosol on a 7% slope at the Ecological Experimental Station of Red Soil, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The micro-plots were designed in two sets with three replicates and four N treatments. An iron frame with its edge 10 cm above the ground was used to control soil erosion and runoff in set A, but in set B the upper edge of the frame was level with the ground. Randomly positioned ^15N fertilized micro-plots were established along the contour. At harvest on August 13, 2002, which was four months after urea application, the peanuts had absorbed 30.6%-38.0% of the urea, transpired 13.1%-22.4% to the atmosphere, lost 6.4%-8.4% through soil erosion and surface runoff, and maintained 40.7%-48.9% in the 0-60 cm soil layer with 0.5%-5.0% below 60 cm.     

冬小麦对不同时期施用的尿素N的吸收利用

本文应用~(15)N尿素研究了不同施肥时期下尿素N在土壤中的转化和小麦对肥料氮的吸收利用。结果表明,尿素施入土壤后,硝态氮含量急剧增加。播前底施尿素有更多的硝态氮累积在20～40cm土层中。小麦对肥料氮的吸收高峰在4月13～18日,即拔节孕穗期,高峰期的吸氮量与小麦产量呈正相关,r=0.7715。