基于农田无线传感网络的分簇路由算法

由于无线传感网络节点的能量有限,如何有效地利用有限资源以及实现数据的有效传输,成为研究热点问题.针对农田区域广以及种植作物杂等环境特征,为延长农田无线传感器网络的生命周期,提高传感网的数据包投递率,构建了适用于农田信息采集的无线传感器网络架构,提出了一种混合式的分簇路由算法HCRA(hybrid clustering routing algorithm),研究了簇的形成、簇头竞选以及簇间路由过程,并对HCRA算法与低功耗自适应集簇分层型算法LEACH(low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy),以及使用固定簇半径的混合节能分簇算法HEED(hybrid energy-efficient distributed clustering)进行了仿真试验.结果表明:在1 000次迭代周期下,采用HCRA算法的网络生存时间要比LEACH算法长约28％,比HEED算法长约12％;采用HCRA算法的数据包投递率要比LEACH算法高约34个百分点,比HEED算法高约16个百分点.该研究可为农田环境信息采集自动化监测系统提供参考.     

中国首都圈土地沙化过程及防治对策——以河北省丰宁县小坝子乡为例

以河北省丰宁县小坝子乡的土地沙化为例，从地质过程、生物过程、人文过程探讨和研究了沙化演变与治理对策，指出了治穷和治沙的关系，绿化与水平衡的因果关系，提出绿色、人文、科技结合，林草兼顾、经济发展与环境建设是步，是为北京堵沙源、保水源的有效措施。     

蚕豆油壶菌火肿病的发生规律

【目的】研究蚕豆火肿病在四川的地理分布、病害循环及影响发病的因素,从而掌握该病的发生规律。【方法】通过病害普查,确定蚕豆火肿病的地理分布。采用室内测定研究温度和越冬对休眠孢子囊萌发的影响。进行田间试验,调查病害发生情况,研究病害循环和影响病害发生的因素。【结果】蚕豆火肿病在四川的地理分布局限在川西北阿坝州海拔2 400m以上的春播蚕豆区。病害的循环和发病特点是:病菌以病残体中的休眠孢子囊,在土壤中休眠(越夏和越冬),作为初侵染源。次年春播蚕豆后,休眠孢子囊萌发产生游动孢子侵染蚕豆苗。田间发病后,病菌不断产生游动孢子囊,释放游动孢子作为再侵染源,病菌的再侵染频繁。游动孢子藉风雨在田间短距离传播。病害的发生流行曲线呈"S"型。连作和施用带病残体的厩肥有利发病。尚无对火肿病的抗病品种。【结论】这些结果揭示了蚕豆火肿病的发生规律,为该病的防治提供了科学依据。     

Soil freeze-thaw cycle experiments: Trends, methodological weaknesses and suggested improvements

Although freeze-thaw cycles can alter soil physical properties and microbial activity, their overall impact on soil functioning remains unclear. This review addresses the effects of freeze-thaw cycles on soil physical properties, microorganisms, carbon and nutrient dynamics, trace gas losses and higher organisms associated with soil. I discuss how the controlled manipulation of freeze-thaw cycles has varied widely among studies and propose that, despite their value in demonstrating the mechanisms of freeze-thaw action in soils, many studies of soil freeze-thaw cycles have used cycle amplitudes, freezing rates and minimum temperatures that are not relevant to temperature changes across much of the soil profile in situ. The lack of coordination between the timing of soil collection and the season for which freeze-thaw cycles are being simulated is also discussed. Suggested improvements to future studies of soil freeze-thaw cycles include the maintenance of realistic temperature fluctuations across the soil profile, soil collection in the appropriate season and the inclusion of relevant surface factors such as plant litter in the fall or excess water in the spring. The implications of climate change for soil freeze-thaw cycles are addressed, along with the need to directly assess how changes in soil freeze-thaw cycle dynamics alter primary production.     

家蚕细胞cyclinA基因的干涉对家蚕细胞增殖的影响

[目的]研究小干扰RNA (small interfering RNA,siRNA)对家蚕卵巢细胞系(BmN)细胞cyclinA基因表达及细胞周期的影响.[方法]通过脂质体转染试剂将针对cyclinA基因的特异性siRNA片段转入家蚕BmN细胞,采用SYBR荧光定量PCR法检测cyclinA mRNA的表达,流式细胞技术检测细胞周期变化.[结果]转染siRNA-cyclinA可有效下调cyclinA基因的表达,转染48 h后,cyclinA mRNA表达量降低到对照的37.4％;流式细胞仪分析表明:与对照组相比,转染组Go/G1期细胞比例显著增加,细胞周期阻滞于G1期.[结论]靶向cyclinA基因的siRNA片段,通过下调cyclinA基因表达能有效抑制细胞增殖.     

长沙地区低温粮仓双层通风屋顶最佳保温隔热层厚度分析

粮仓围护结构保温隔热性能对储粮安全和粮仓能耗有重要影响。粮仓屋顶面积大,是粮仓围护结构接受太阳辐射最强的部位,外界热量主要通过屋顶传入粮仓,因此屋顶是粮仓围护结构保温隔热设计的最重要部位。双层通风屋顶、高反射率的屋面隔热涂料和保温隔热材料等节能技术近年来在粮仓屋顶设计中得到迅速发展和应用。考虑屋顶不同外表面太阳辐射反射率和自然通风对双层通风屋顶传热的影响,该文给出并试验验证了多层屋顶非稳态传热模型和双层通风屋顶传热模型,利用经过验证的屋顶传热模型进行屋顶能耗计算,采用经济性模型和全生命周期理论对长沙地区低温粮仓普通屋顶和双层通风屋顶最佳保温隔热层厚度进行分析,并对采用最佳保温隔热层厚度时的生命周期总投资、净收益及回收周期进行计算和比较分析。研究结果表明:屋顶外表面太阳辐射反射率对长沙地区低温粮仓屋顶最佳保温隔热层厚度和经济性有较大影响,双层通风屋顶可以减小屋顶最佳保温隔热层厚度,长沙地区低温粮仓可采用双层通风屋顶和高反射率的屋面隔热涂料降低粮仓能耗,减少因能源消耗而引起的环境污染问题。长沙地区低温粮仓普通屋顶挤塑聚苯乙烯和膨胀聚苯乙烯最佳保温隔热层厚度为0.106~0.183 m,生命周期内最大净现值为417~633.38元/m2,投资回收年限为2.39~2.96 a。低温粮仓屋顶最佳保温隔热层厚度随屋顶外表面太阳辐射反射率的增大而减小,双层通风屋顶可以减少屋顶保温隔热层投资回收年限。该屋顶最佳保温隔热层厚度确定方法对于指导低温粮仓屋顶保温隔热设计具有一定指导意义。     

Evaluating environmental impacts of the Japanese beef cow–calf system by the life cycle assessment method

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the environmental impacts of a beef cow–calf system using a life cycle assessment (LCA) method and to investigate the effects of scenarios to reduce environmental impacts on the LCA results. The functional unit was defined as one marketed beef calf, and the processes associated with the cow–calf life cycle, such as feed production, feed transport, animal management, the biological activity of the animal and the treatment of cattle waste were included in the system boundary. The present results showed that the total contributions of one beef calf throughout its life cycle to global warming, acidification, eutrophication and energy consumption were 4550 kg of CO₂ equivalents, 40.1 kg of SO₂ equivalents, 7.0 kg of phosphate (PO₄) equivalents and 16.1 GJ, respectively. The contribution of each process to the total environmental impact in each environmental impact category showed a similar tendency to the contribution of each process in each environmental category reported in the case of the beef fattening system as a whole. The results from this analysis showed that shortening calving intervals by 1 month reduced environmental impacts by 5.7–5.8% in all the environmental impact categories examined in the current study, and increasing the number of calves per cow also reduced environmental impacts in all the categories, although the effects were smaller.     

牦牛发情周期中卵巢卵泡发育状况的组织学观察

运用组织学技术对36头处于发情周期的健康成年母牦牛卵巢卵泡的结构与发育状况进行了观察。结果表明，牦牛发情周期中卵巢卵泡发育的组织结构与其他牛基本相似。每对卵巢中原始卵泡数和生长卵泡数在发情前期、发情期、发情后期和发情间期之间差异不显著（P〉0．05）；发情前期的囊状卵泡数与发情期、发情后期和发情间期之间差异不显著（P〉0．05），发情期和发情后期均与发情间期差异显著（P〈0．05）。闭锁生长卵泡数在4个时期之间差异不显著（P〉0．05）；发情期的闭锁囊状卵泡数与其他3期之间差异极显著（P〈0．01），发情前期和发情间期均与发情后期差异显著（P〈0．05）。各级卵泡的闭锁形式各有特点。在生长卵泡、囊状卵泡及相应闭锁卵泡的卵泡膜中均见到了胶原纤维和网状纤维。     

干旱胁迫对苹果叶片抗坏血酸含量及其代谢相关酶活性的影响

【目的】研究干旱胁迫对苹果叶片抗坏血酸(ASA)含量及其代谢相关酶活性的影响,探讨干旱胁迫与抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽(ASA-GSH)循环的关系,为植物抗旱研究提供理论依据。【方法】以2年生嘎拉苹果(MalusdomesticaBorkh.)盆栽苗为试验材料,分别在轻度、中度和重度干旱胁迫及复水条件下,检测其叶片相对膜透性、丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢(H2O2)和ASA-GSH循环各组分(ASA、脱氢抗坏血酸(DHA)、GSH、氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR))含量或活性的变化。【结果】苹果叶片相对膜透性、MDA、H2O2含量随胁迫程度的加剧而上升,复水后下降。ASA-GSH循环各组分,除ASA含量在轻度干旱胁迫时上升之后略有下降、GSSG含量持续增加外,DHA和GSH含量,APX、DHAR、MDHAR和GR活性均在中度胁迫时达最大值,之后下降;ASA/DHA、GSH/GSSG比值均随胁迫程度的加剧而下降,复水后上升。【结论】随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,苹果叶片ASA-GSH循环系统的防御能力在达到最大防御机能后下降。     

草地生态系统碳循环及其影响因素研究进展

近年来,全球变化背景下草地生态系统的碳循环及其影响因素已经成为生态学、地学、植物学和农学的研究热点之一。本文介绍了草地碳循环的过程,探讨了碳素在大气、草地植被、草食动物和土壤中的周转途径,重点分析了气候因素、土壤因素、CO₂浓度升高及人为因素对碳循环过程的影响,以期加深草地生态系统碳循环及其影响因素的理解,并提出了草地生态系统碳循环研究尚需解决的主要问题和研究前景。