贵州湄潭茶园土壤铅元素含量监测

对贵州省湄潭茶园13个产区(乡镇)的土壤样品中重金属元素铅含量进行了监测。结果表明,湄潭茶园土壤砷元素含量符合国家环保局制定的土壤环境质量Ⅱ类标准与农业生产限制的土壤质量标准,同时满足农业部颁布的绿色食品产地环境质量标准,但是有少部分乡镇茶园土壤存在不同程度的铅污染,最后提出相应的防治措施。     

水稻根际芽孢杆菌抗砷胁迫作用及其微生物机制

砷甲基化过程作为微生物的砷抗性机制改变砷的毒性和移动性，对土壤砷污染控制有重要意义。砷抗性根际促生菌对砷胁迫下水稻生长产生积极影响，然而水稻根际菌的砷甲基化效率及其影响水稻砷胁迫的机制研究还较为缺乏。从砷污染稻田根际土中筛选出一株砷甲基化功能芽孢杆菌Bacillus sp. LH14，探究该菌株的砷甲基化效率、砷抗性和促生相关特性，和菌株接种对土壤砷形态、水稻生长和根际微生物相互作用的影响。结果表明，菌株LH14具有砷甲基化和挥发能力，34 h内将三价无机砷转化为甲基砷的效率为54.9%，主要形态为二甲基砷和三甲基砷。LH14接种显著提高了土壤中砷甲基转移基因(arsM)丰度，增加土壤溶液甲基砷浓度，表明LH14参与了土壤砷形态转化。LH14能在砷胁迫下产生吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA)，菌株浸染显著增加高砷条件下种子萌发率、根和芽长及生物量。接种LH14对砷污染土壤中水稻植株生长有促进作用，可能与根际有益菌(例如Burkholderiaceae和Gemmatimonadaceae)相对丰度增加有关。所以，水稻根际存在砷甲基化功能植物促生菌，接种该菌改变水稻根际砷形态，并能产生植物激素和富集根际有益菌从而直接和间接地促进水稻生长，有利于缓解水稻砷胁迫，为砷甲基化功能菌应用于砷污染土壤修复和缓解植物砷胁迫提供理论支撑。     

Adsorption and Desorption of Arsenate in Different Soils and Gold Mining Substrates of Minas Gerais State,Brazil

Background  Arsenic (As) availability in natural environment is related to the element’s adsorption and desorption processes in soils. Total As is better related to available As in temperate soils than in tropical soils. In tropical soils, total As is not very significant in terms of availability, therefore justifying the necessity for studies into As dynamics. Knowledge of As dynamics in soil as well as development of new analytical methodologies involving tropical soils are insufficient and necessary for future mitigation projects. Objective  The objectives of this study were: (1) To adjust methodologies which may assist in understanding arsenate dynamics in tropical soils and substrates; (2) To evaluate the adsorption and desorption of arsenate in soils and substrate samples, and to find a minimum value of arsenate available in soil which is lethal to sorghum plants. Material and Methods  Samples of three soils from Minas Gerais State (YL, RYL, and CS) and two sulfide substrates of gold mining (B1 and B2) were used in the assays. All the material was physically and chemically characterized. Remaining As (As-rem) and remaining P (P-rem) of each material, along with MAC_P and MAC_As (using the Langmuir isotherms), were obtained. After agitation to obtain MAC_P and MAC_As, arsenate was extracted by anionic resin and Mehlich-III to evaluate arsenate desorption of the material retained on the filter paper. Subsequently, arsenate desorption curves for the different materials were obtained, and arsenate availability was determined through a bioassay with sorghum plants. Samples of soils and substrate B1 were incubated with six levels of As doses. Plants were grown under greenhouse conditions for 30 days. The plants were then harvested, dried and weighed. Available As in the soils and substrate was determined by Mehlich-III. Results and Discussions  As-rem level decreased from YL (sandy) to RYL (clayey) soil samples, which always showed lower values than P-rem. Among the soils and substrates evaluated, RYL showed the highest MAC_As and MAC_P, followed by CS, YL and Bl. The results were in accordance with the values observed for As-rem and P-rem and confirm the idea that the ability of the assayed materials to remove As from the soil/substrate solution is higher than the ability to remove P. On the other hand, the binding energy (a) between soil/substrate and As is weaker than the binding energy of P. Given the fact that the studied soils present a real ability to remove As from the solution, only a small part of As would be unavailable considering MAC_As as a reference. As-Mehlich-III values were higher than As-resin for substrate Bl. Mehlich-III seemed to be more appropriate to extract labile forms of arsenate in substrate B1 as well as in the soils. Available As by Mehlich-III (26.9 mg/dm³) was considered a reference of As LCL to sorghum plants. CC50 was sensitive to the buffering capacity of each soil, showing values varying from 1.34 mg/dm³ As (clay soil with lower As-rem) to 12.31 mg/dm³ As (sandy soil with higher As-rem). Conclusions  The adaptation of the As-rem and MAC_As methodologies was satisfactory and of great value in the study of adsorption, desorption and As availability for soils and mining substrate. Mehlich-III was also satisfactory to estimate available As and was sensitive to soil buffering capacity. Nevertheless, resin can also be used as an alternative. MAC_As varied among soils and was higher than MAC_p. However, As showed higher lability than P. Using Mehlich-III, we determined the value corresponding to CC50 that showed a good reference of toxicity to available As. Outlook  The environmental implications of the As behavior are quite serious. Beside the fact that arsenate is removed very fast from the soil solution, an anthropogenic input of the element, being part of the soil quantity factor, may remain in a reversible form for a long time. As may therefore return to the soil solution and becomes available to plants, animals and the entire environment. Considering that CC50 is the maximum contents of available As the environment can tolerate to allow some vegetal biomass production, the maximum capacity of As immobilization in each soil is reduced when compared to the soils’ MAC_As values. Therefore, the maximum and safe values of reference to be used in the evaluation of incidental discharge of the element in soils must be reduced.     

0.11%对氯苯氧乙酸钠AS在番茄上田间应用效果评价

利用0.11%对氯苯氧乙酸钠AS(2,4-滴)对番茄进行浸花处理试验,结果表明:在10,15,20mg/kg三个剂量下,具有提高番茄坐果率、促进番茄提早成熟、增加番茄早期产量的作用。但是在50mg/kg剂量下,番茄出现明显药害症状。施用时要根据气温适当调节施药浓度,并加强生长后期水肥管理。     

双孢蘑菇新菌株W192与As2796比较试验

双孢蘑菇贴生型W192、气生型W192菌株和AS2796菌株栽培对比试验,结果表明,不同菌株的菌丝生长、子实体发育、出菇与转潮时间及生物学效率差异较为明显。贴生型W192菌株转潮快,抗逆性强,产量最高、质量较好。     

施灰田及所产蔬菜的镉汞砷铬铅和铝含量变化及影响评价

蔬菜地田间施用粉煤灰试验结果表明 ,粉煤灰中镉、汞、砷、铬及铅5种元素的含量均较对照田的高 ,但施灰田所产蔬菜中这5种元素的含量均低于国家关于食品、蔬菜的卫生标准限值。粉煤灰中的铝含量虽比对照田的高 ,但由于粉煤灰偏碱性 ,使得土壤中的铝不易被植物吸收 ,故施粉煤灰不会产生铝的危害     

Single and Combined Effects of As (III) and Acetochlor on Phosphatase Activity in Soil

The actions and interactions of acetochlor and As on the soil phosphatase activity were investigated after 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 30 and 60 d of exposure under control conditions. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of acetochlor and As individually and simultaneously. The results showed that acetochlor, As only, and combined pollution all clearly inhibited soil phosphatase activity. The maximum inhibition ratios of soil phosphatase activity by acetochlor, As only and combined pollution were 36.44, 74.12 and 61.29%, respectively. Two kinetic models, ν=c/(1+bi) (model 1) and ν=c(1+ai)/(l+bi) (model 2), were used to describe the relationship between the concentrations of As and acetochlor and the activity of soil phosphatase. The semi-effect dose (ED₅₀) values induced by As and acetochlor stress based on the inhibition of soil phosphatase were 18.1 and 33.11 mg kg^?1, respectively, according to calculation by model 1. The interactive effect of acetochlor with As on soil phosphatase primarily consisted of significant antagonism effects at the higher concentrations tested. The step regression results show that the toxicity order was As (III)>acetochlor>As (III)×acetochlor throughout the incubation period.     

玉米叶片蛋白对AM菌根接种和（或）砷胁迫的应答

【目的】研究接种菌根与砷胁迫条件下玉米叶片组织相关蛋白质的变化。【方法】以玉米植株叶片为材料,采用双向凝胶电泳技术（2-DE）研究玉米叶片蛋白表达谱对丛枝菌根（AM菌根）接种和（或）砷胁迫的应答。【结果】经软件分析并搜索NCBInr数据库,结果显示,砷胁迫植株叶片中有7个蛋白点被成功鉴定,其中有3个未知蛋白,其余4个分别为2-phosphoglycerate kinase、oxidoreductase、MAP3K delta-1 protein kinase和Os06g0262800。接种且加砷处理植株叶片中有11个蛋白点被成功鉴定,有4个未知蛋白,其余蛋白分别为oxygen-evolving enhancer protein 3-1、putative M protein、SNF1-related protein kinase 2.2、ATP synthase CF1 beta subunit、ATP synthase CF1 alpha subunit、pathogenesis-related protein 10、 MAP kinase kinase和MEI1 protein。【结论】菌根接种促进加砷处理玉米植株生长,并显著降低玉米植株地下部砷浓度。玉米植株叶片蛋白表达量及种类的变化,表明砷胁迫条件下菌根接种有可能激发与植物生长、养分吸收以及抗性有关的蛋白产生应答,有助于提高玉米对砷毒的抗性。     

As(Ⅲ)胁迫对不同小麦品种种子萌发及幼苗As含量的影响

为了探讨As(Ⅲ)胁迫对不同小麦品种的毒害效应,选取郑麦9023、豫麦18、周麦16三个小麦品种为材料,采用室内水培方法,研究了As(Ⅲ)胁迫对小麦种子萌发、幼苗生长及幼苗芽和根中As含量的影响,分析了不同小麦品种耐As能力的差异。结果表明,随As(Ⅲ)浓度的增加,小麦种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数和幼苗的芽长、根长、芽重、根重均呈明显下降趋势,且不同浓度间的差异均达到显著或极显著水平。As(Ⅲ)胁迫对小麦根生长的抑制作用明显大于对芽生长的抑制。小麦幼苗芽和根中As含量随As(Ⅲ)胁迫浓度的增大而增大。三个小麦品种种子萌发和幼苗生长对As(Ⅲ)胁迫的反应趋势相同,当As(Ⅲ)浓度≥20 mg/kg时,幼芽中As含量表现为周麦16最低;当As(Ⅲ)浓度≥40 mg/kg时,幼根中As含量也表现为周麦16最低。综合来看,郑麦9023和豫麦18种子活力较高,幼苗长势较旺,但对As耐受能力较弱;周麦16种子活力较低,幼苗长势不旺,但对As耐受能力最强。