Short‐Term Effect of Lime,Phosphorus, and Iron Amendments on Water‐Extractable Lead and Arsenic in Orchard Soils

Abstract

Lead arsenate was extensively used to control insects in apple and plum orchards in the 1900s. Continuous use of lead arsenate resulted in elevated soil levels of lead (Pb) and arsenic (As). There are concerns that As and Pb will become solubilized upon a change in land use. In situ chemical stabilization practices, such as the use of phosphate‐phosphorus (P), have been investigated as a possible method for reducing the solubility, mobility, and potential toxicity of Pb and As in these soils. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of calcium carbonate (lime), P, and iron (Fe) amendments in reducing the solubility of As and Pb in lead‐arsenate‐treated soils over time. Under controlled conditions, two orchard soils, Thurmont loam (Hapludults) and Burch loam (Haploxerolls), were amended with reagent‐grade calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), iron hydroxide [Fe(OH)₃], and potassium phosphate (KH₂PO₄) and incubated for 16 weeks at 26°C. The experimental results suggested that the inorganic P increased competitive sorption between H₂PO₄ ^? and dihydrogen arsenate (H₂AsO₄ ^?), resulting in greater desorption of As in both Thurmont and Burch soils. Therefore, addition of lime, potassium phosphate, and Fe to lead‐arsenate‐contaminated soils could increase the risk of loss of soluble As and Pb from surface soil and potentially increase these metal species in runoff and movement to groundwater.     

沈阳郊区耕作土壤As、Hg的污染评价

对沈阳郊区3个农产品生产区域土壤中的重金属As、Hg进行检测,用土壤环境质量标准和土壤背景值标准进行评价,结果表明,沈阳郊区土壤已经受到了不同程度的污染,污染较重的元素是Hg。以土壤环境质量标准评价其综合污染指数为2.89;以土壤背景值标准评价其综合污染指数为13.56。     

原子荧光光度法中湿法消解、微波消解前处理法测定土壤中总汞、总砷的比较

采用微波消解对土壤样品进行前处理,同时与湿法消解作比较,采用AFS-930型双道原子荧光光度计测定2种土壤标准物质中总砷、总汞的含量。对2种前处理方法所得的待测液进行5个平行测定,测定值均在其证书标准值范围内,微波消解样品前处理所得的测定结果比湿法消解的更令人满意。     

Role of Calcium Ion in Apoptosis of MD Cancer Cells Induced by Arsenic Trioxide

In order to observe the role of calcium ion in apoptosis of MD cancer cells induced by arsenic trioxide, inhibition percentage was detected by MTT assay; morphology changes were examined by fluorescence microscope; apoptosis was examined by DNA Ladder; [Ca^2＋]i was investigated by spectrofluorimeter in vitro on MDCC-MSB 1 cells. The results showed that As2O3 inhibited the proliferation of MDCC-MSB1 cells in concentration dependent manner （P〈0.05 or P〈0.01）; typical apoptosis character was observed by fluorescence microscope; DNA Ladder was observed; the [Ca^2＋]i was elevated significantly after the treatment of As203 （P〈0.05 or P〈0.01） and showed a dose-dependent manner. It is concluded that the calcium may play an important role in apoptosis of MD cancer cells induced by arsenic trioxide.     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定食品中的砷锑铋硒

[目的]在食品中准确测量砷、锑、铋、硒这些元素。[方法]利用双道氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法,采用硝酸+高氯酸(4∶1)对样品进行一次性消化,利用同一样品溶液,通过对试验条件的筛选以及仪器参数的优化,对食品中砷、锑、铋、硒进行双道同时测定。[结果]砷、锑、铋、硒4种元素的检出限均能满足食品的检验,通过对国家标准物质的测定以及加标回收试验,验证了该方法是准确可靠的。[结论]该方法的建立减少了试剂消耗,降低了劳动强度,提高了分析效率。     

生物炭对矿区农田土壤及大豆安全种植的影响研究

采用大田试验,以荔枝树枝生物炭为稳定剂,大豆作为供试作物,研究生物炭的添加(T1,10 t·hm-2; T2, 20 t·hm-2; T3,30 t·hm-2)对受As、Pb中度污染的矿区酸性农田土壤中大豆安全种植的影响。通过分析生物炭添加后对土壤基本理化性质的改变,以及对土壤中As和Pb含量及形态分布的影响,探讨大豆的生长及其对As,Pb的吸收情况。结果表明,生物炭的添加能够显著提高土壤pH(P0.01)以及土壤CEC和有机质含量(P0.05),与对照组相比,分别提高了7.0%～27.4%、0.7%～4.9%、21%～44%。随着生物炭添加量的增加,土壤中As(T1除外)、Pb总量及有效态含量逐渐降低。生物炭添加能显著提高大豆产量(T3处理组大豆产量为对照组的9.44倍),并降低了大豆对As(T1除外)和Pb的吸收,T3处理组能保证大豆的安全种植。本研究结果对矿区农田作物的安全种植具有借鉴意义。     

重庆市主要食用菌的重金属含量及评价

重庆市的主要食用菌重金属的平均含量为：铅〉镉〉汞〉砷,均低于国家食用菌卫生限量标准GB7096-2003,说明重庆市食用菌的重金属含量总体上是安全的。但是,有12％样品的铅含量和19％样品的汞含量超过国标。食用菌品种不同,其重金属的含量差异很大,铅、镉、汞、砷的平均累积量依次为：蘑菇〉鸡腿菇〉香菇〉姬菇〉平菇〉金针菇．大部分符合国家卫生标准的要求。此外,食用菌的重金属含量呈现出主城区〉远郊区≈近郊区的趋势,这种现象可能与栽培环境有关。值得注意的是,食用菌重金属含量的变异系数极大,说明环境条件、品种和栽培技术影响重金属在食用菌中的累积。采用优良品种,选择安全的生产环境,改革栽培技术可能降低食用菌的重金属含量。     

氢化物-原子荧光光谱法测定英国FAPAS鱼罐头中砷汞镉

[目的]证实原子荧光仪对这砷汞镉3种元素的检测已达到国际先进检测仪器的水平。[方法]利用氢化物-原子荧光光谱法,优化仪器条件参数和试验方法,通过测试质控样品与加标回收试验,建立一套测试英国FAPAS鱼罐头中砷汞镉的方法。[结果]根据FAPAS提供回来的检测报告,与全球众多实验室比对的结果为:砷的Z值为-0.2,汞的Z值为0.5,镉的Z值为0.4,对结果的评价为很满意。[结论]应用氢化物-原子荧光光谱法对海产品中砷汞镉进行检测是可行的。     

鸡饲喂洛克沙胂后排泄物中As的形态分析及光降解研究

【目的】探讨洛克沙胂在鸡饲后的排泄规律及对环境生态的毒性.【方法】选用健康黄鸡饲喂含洛克沙胂50mg/kg的全价饲料,连续给药10 d,给药期间及停药后收集不同时间点排泄物样,采用微波消解-原子荧光光度法测定鸡排泄物中总砷和无机As(Ⅴ)、As(Ⅲ)质量分数,高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定鸡排泄物中洛克沙胂的质量分数.将不同时间点收集的鸡排泄物进行洛克沙胂的光降解试验.【结果和结论】鸡排泄物中砷的排泄量在饲后第108小时质量分数达到稳态(其中洛克沙胂为31.62~35.87 mg/kg,总砷为16.75~21.48 mg/kg),停饲后总砷与洛克沙胂的排泄量呈较快速下降,第120小时时鸡排泄物中已检测不出洛克沙胂,总砷亦降至3.89 mg/kg,此过程中As(Ⅲ)、As(V)含量变化较小,两者最高值分别为0.38和1.81 mg/kg.光降解试验中光照组鸡排泄物中洛克沙胂的降解率为100%,而避光组降解率仅为75.16%,其中无机As(V)、As(Ⅲ)的质量分数均随时间而升高,并以As(V)为主,两者在光照下含量变化速度均比相应避光组快.鸡饲喂洛克沙胂后主要以原形形式排泄,无论在避光或光照条件下鸡排泄物中洛克沙胂均可被降解生成无机砷形态,光照可加速鸡排泄物中洛克沙胂的降解.     

琼脂培养基质条件下砷在水稻幼苗中的积累转运

[目的]研究砷（As）在水稻幼苗中的积累转运。[方法]利用琼脂培养基质模拟厌氧的湿地环境,在不同As浓度条件下对水稻幼苗进行培养。[结果]培养基质中的As对水稻根部干重没有显著影响,对地上部干重产生了显著抑制作用。低剂量的As可以促进部分水稻品种干物质的积累。水稻根系对As具有较强的吸收积累能力,As被根系吸收后多数被固定于根部,只有少量被转运至茎叶,二者呈极显著正相关关系。[结论]该结果为进一步研究As在水稻中的积累转运规律提供了重要的理论依据。