绿色螯合剂不同复配方式对菜地土壤Cd、As间作修复效果的影响

笔者进行单作、间作条件下伴矿景天(Sedum plumbizincicola)Cd、As浓度对比,并在此基础上施加不同复配方式的绿色螯合剂,分析其对豌豆(Pisum sativum L.)的生长情况以及对Cd、As富集能力的影响。结果表明：不施加绿色螯合剂条件下,与豌豆间作后伴矿景天地上部对Cd、As的吸收显著增加;IDS-TA、PASP-TA能同时增加伴矿景天Cd、As浓度,Cd浓度分别提高了6.60倍、2.93倍,As浓度分别提高2.34倍、1.27倍,IDS-TA能同时降低豌豆植株Cd、As浓度;除IDS-MA外,其余处理组均不同程度的同时增加土壤Cd、As有效态,其中以IDS-TA处理组Cd、As有效态增加率最高。依据研究结果,IDS-TA可在不影响豌豆正常生长和不增加豌豆Cd、As浓度情况下,对伴矿景天植物修复Cd、As起到强化作用,可为珠三角污染菜地土壤Cd、As植物修复的活化剂提供理论依据。     

奎河污灌区土壤重金属As变化系统动力学分析

污灌污染是一个亟待解决的土壤环境问题,研究污灌区土壤重金属污染状况及其动态对于土壤重金属污染修复具有现实意义。该文以奎河污灌区为例,通过文献资料搜集和现场监测获取相关数据,采用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法评价了污灌区重金属污染状况,结果表明土壤As轻度污染,水田样点超标率达89.93%,旱地样点超标率达82.39%,水田综合污染指数为1.39,旱地综合污染指数为1.19。以As为例,采用系统动力学方法分析了As含量的变化。结果表明在当前种植制度下,土壤As的消除是一个漫长的过程,需要到2016年土壤As质量分数才会降低到30mg/kg以下,2024年后才会低于25mg/kg,达到当地土壤As背景值更需要到2073年。清除作物秸秆和根系对于消除土壤As污染有益,尤其是远期效果明显,而表层土壤的流失对于土壤As的清除作用显著。     

植物油中微量砷的测定——氢化物发生原子荧光法

对植物油进行燃烧富集和灰化处理后,采用AFS-933型原子荧光光度计对其中的微量砷进行测定。通过选择最佳的仪器条件,进行样品处理方法及酸度、干扰离子的研究,做了检出限、线性范围、精密度、加标回收率等方法学的研究。结果表明:该方法准确性好,灵敏度高,操作简便,易于推广。     

用石墨炉原子吸收法测定烟用香精中As、Pb的不确定度评定

为了评定用石墨炉原子吸收法测定烟用香精中As、Pb的不确定度,建立了其测量不确定度评定的数学模型和因果关系图,确定了其各测量不确定度的分量。结果表明:该测量不确定度的主要来源为样品的重复性和测定的样品浓度;As、Pb测量结果的标准不确定度分别为0.04、0.02 mg/kg;取包含因子k=2,在95%的置信水平下,As、Pb测量结果的扩展不确定度分别为0.08、0.04 mg/kg。     

氢化物原子荧光法测定水产品中的砷、汞

采用氢化物原子荧光法测定水产品中的砷、汞。在0～12μg／mL浓度范围内As、Hg标准曲线相关系数达0．999。As检出限为0．2μg／L，Hg为0．3μg／L，As回收率在100％-162％之间，Hg回收率在124％～152％之间。     

文山三七中As分配规律及其对皂苷和黄酮含量的影响

[目的]探讨文山三七中As分配规律及其对皂苷和黄酮含量的影响.[方法]通过野外大田调查和室内分析相结合的方法研究云南文山三七主要种植区不同年份三七（二年生和三年生）不同部位（主根、须根、剪口）As分配规律,探讨As元素对三七主要药效成分黄酮和皂苷含量的影响.[结果]砷含量在三七各部位分布依次为：须根＞剪口＞主根.三七须根中As含量最高,为0.31 ～ 0.33mg/kg.3年生三七须根和主根的砷含量较2年生高.三七中黄酮含量为3.45 ～ 11.10 mg/g,2年生三七黄酮含量大于3年生三七.三七须根中黄酮含量与须根中As含量呈显著的负相关关系.总皂苷和单体皂苷含量在剪口和主根中较高,三七总皂苷含量为4.08％ ～13.51％,人参皂苷占总皂苷的90.53％～97.79％.3年生三七的总皂苷和单体皂苷含量大于2年生三七.须根中三七皂苷R1含量与须根中As含量呈显著的正相关关系;剪口中总皂苷含量、Rg1含量和Rb1含量均与剪口中As含量呈显著的负相关关系.[结论]因此,三七As含量对药效成分的影响与不同部位和不同皂苷类型有关,As能导致须根中皂苷含量的累积,须根中黄酮和剪口中皂苷含量的下降.     

Cu2+改性秸秆活性炭的制备及其去除废水中As（Ⅲ）的研究

以向日葵秸秆为原料,先经磷酸活化法制得活性炭,然后采用浸渍法制备载铜活性炭,研究Cu2+改性活性炭(Cu-AC)对水溶液中As(Ⅲ)的吸附等温线,并分析了吸附剂的投加量、pH、As(Ⅲ)的初始浓度和温度对Cu-AC去除As(Ⅲ)的影响。结果表明,当吸附剂的投加质量浓度为4 g·L-1、pH为12.0、温度为30℃时Cu-AC对As(Ⅲ)的去除率可达99.95%。Langmuir方程能更好地描述As(Ⅲ)在Cu-AC上的等温吸附特征,静态吸附容量为64.105 mg·g-1;吸附焓变ΔH0且大于42 kJ·mol-1,说明吸附过程为吸热的化学吸附;吸附自由能ΔG0,说明吸附为自发的反应;吸附熵变ΔS0,说明As(Ⅲ)在Cu-AC和水溶液的固-液界面运动的随意性增强。     

A soil surface psychrometer for measuring humidity and studying evaporation

The gradient of water vapor pressure between soil and air controls the rate of evaporation from soil, but it has not been possible to determine the humidity at the soil surface. We have devised an instrument to measure the surface humidity in the field. Thermocouple psychrometry is used to monitor air equilibrated with the soil surface in a chamber placed briefly on the soil. A programmable data logger scans the thermocouples and stores the data. We calibrated the instrument over saturated salt solutions, and over soils whose relative humidity was calculated from measured water potentials. The instrument worked well, but underestimated slightly at relative humidities above 90%. It can be used to distinguish between stage 1 and stage 2 evaporation for soils. In field trials, the surface psychrometer was used to monitor diurnal and day-to-day changes in soil surface humidity during the drying cycle after irrigation. The cumulative vapor pressure difference between the soil surface and the air at 1.5 m was highly correlated with soil evaporation from microlysimeters set between crop rows. Changes in the cumulative difference in vapor pressure were also closely related to the changes in the evaporation component of measured evapotranspiration, as estimated with a simulation model.     

Impact of glucose on microbial community of a soil containing pyrite cinders: Role of bacteria in arsenic mobilization under submerged condition

Arsenic transformation and mobilization in a pyrite cinder-polluted soil were studied under submerged conditions both in the presence and absence of glucose. The presence of the carbon source enhanced bacterial activity and a reduction in the redox potential, resulting in release of higher amounts of arsenic iron and manganese in the aqueous phase. Since arsenic solubilization was not concomitant to that of iron, desorption rather than dissolution was found to be the main mechanism controlling its release from pyrite cinders. Arsenate was reduced to arsenite whose presence increased during the time course of the experiment. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of 16S rRNA genes of the total bacterial community revealed that the addition of glucose stimulated uncultivable populations of Flavobacterium and Paenibacillus. The isolation technique enabled the characterisation of nineteen arsenic-resistant bacteria, mostly related to the facultative aerobic genera Bacillus, Paenibacillus, Staphylococcus and to Rhodococcus and Micromonospora. Most of them contained putative arsenate reductase and/or arsenite efflux pump as indicated by the presence of ArsC and/or ArsB genes. Four strains showed the ability to reduce arsenate by an intracellular detoxification mechanism, and one strain was able to oxidize arsenite, indicating that bacteria with the ability to oxidize or reduce arsenic are ubiquitous in soils. The findings confirm that bacterial activity was responsible for the arsenic reduction causing the solubilization of the metalloid from pyrite cinders to aqueous phases. Reducing conditions, such as those present in flooded soils in the presence of readily utilizable carbon sources could induce arsenic mobilization.     

不同居群鱼腥草中As和Hg及666·DDT的测定

[目的]测定鱼腥草中重金属As、Hg以及666、DDT农药残留的含量,比较不同鱼腥草资源间在相同栽培条件下对其积累的差异。[方法]采用海光AFS-3000型双道原子荧光光度计测定As和Hg含量;采用岛津GC-9A型气相色谱仪,按GB/T14551-2003测定666和DDT的含量。[结果]鱼腥草幼嫩地上部分中As平均含量为0.161mg/kg,Hg平均含量为0.004mg/kg,地下部分中两者的平均含量分别为0.130和0.0025mg/kg;仅小部分材料中检出痕量δ-666。[结论]鱼腥草资源间对As、Hg以及666、DDT积累的差异不显著;根据国标规定,鱼腥草中As、Hg以及666、DDT的含量均低于限量。