Arsenic in Water,Soil, and Rice Plants in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of Northwestern India

Arsenic (As), which is present in all living tissues, water, and soil, is considered toxic to humans and animals. Because of the presence of arsenic-contaminated sites throughout the world, there is a renewed interest in studying the status of As in water, soil, and plants. Concentrations of As above the permissible limit have been reported in Lower Ganges Plains (West Bengal in India and Bangladesh). The present investigation aimed to examine the concentration of As in water, soil, and rice plants in the Upper/Trans-Ganges Plains covering Punjab in northwestern India. In total, 200 water samples were collected from different locations in Punjab. Corresponding soil, rice grain, and straw samples were collected from the same locations as the water samples had been collected. In addition to deep tube well water (>125 m deep), water samples from shallow hand pumps (<50 m deep) and canals were also collected. The samples were analyzed for total As concentration using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer equipped with a hydride generating system (AAS-HG). The concentration of As in tube well water samples varied from 5.33 to 17.27 μg As L^–1, with about 40% samples having As concentrations greater than the permissible limit (10 μg As L^–1). None of the hand pump and canal water samples had As concentrations greater than permissible limits. The As concentration of surface soils varied from 1.09 to 2.48 mg As kg^–1. There was no trend in the distribution of As with depth of soil. The concentration of As in rice straw varied from 4.05 to 15.06 μg As kg^–1 and that of grain from 1.48 to 6.87 μg As kg^–1. The concentration of As was lower in edible grain than in inedible straw. There was a positive and significant correlation between As concentration in tube well water and As concentration in surface soils. The buildup of As in soils was directly related to the As concentration of tube well waters. There was a significant correlation between As in water and As in plants. However, a nonsignificant correlation existed between As in soil and As in plants. This indicates that plants absorbed more As from irrigation water than that from soil. This also suggests that irrigation with such waters over a longer period of time may have detrimental effects on soil and on plants, animals, and humans. There is thus a need to continuously monitor the As concentration in undergroundwater.     

Uptake and Distribution of Arsenic in Chickpea: Effects on Seed Yield and Seed Composition

Chickpea plants were grown in arsenic (As)–contaminated soils (5 mg kg^?1 of dry soil) and investigated for As uptake, distribution, and effects on growth, yield, and quality of seeds. The roots accumulated the greatest As (7 mg kg^?1 dry weight), followed by stem (4.8 mg), leaves (4.0 mg), and seeds (0.7 mg). Arsenic inhibited the growth of the roots and shoots (as dry weight) by 65% and 60%, respectively, over controls. The shoot/root ratio declined from 4.3 in the control to 3.5 in As-treated plants. The seed yield (g) and number of pods plant^?1 decreased by 66 and 53%, respectively, over controls. A marked increase in membrane damage coupled with reduction in chlorophyll and relative leaf water content occurred in As-treated plants. The contaminated plants showed 34% and 25% decrease over control in sucrose content in their leaves and seeds, respectively. The accumulation of seed reserves such as starch, proteins, sugars, and minerals was inhibited significantly due to As-treated plants. Storage proteins such as albumins, globulins, glutelins and prolamins decreased significantly with larger effect on glutelins. The contents of minerals such as calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and iron (Fe) declined greatly in the seeds of As-treated plants. The accumulation of amino acids such as lysine, methionine?+?cystine, phenylalanine?+?tyrosine, proline, threonine, tryptophan, and valine was inhibited significantly in the seeds of As-applied plants compared to the control. The findings indicated that As application markedly reduced the quality of the chickpea seeds, especially in terms of proteins and minerals.     

偶合化学发光法测定水样中的砷

利用KMnO4在酸性介质中氧化砷(Ⅲ)和高锰酸钾-甲氧苄啶-硫代硫酸钠化学发光反应偶合在一起,结合巯基棉对AS(Ⅲ)的富集分离,间接测定水样中痕量砷。研究了各种反应物浓度、酸度、干扰离子等因素对测定结果的影响。方法的检出限为6.0×10-4mg/L,线性范围在0.10￣10mg/L,加标回收率在96￣108%,RSD%≤3.4%,可用于水样中砷的测定,结果令人满意。     

海洋生物体中痕量砷消解方法的优化

建立了以微波预消解后湿法消解的生物消解方法,通过氢化物发生原子荧光光度法,测定了海洋生物样品中痕量砷,并研究了不同消解液体系对海洋生物体中痕量砷的消解效率的影响。结果表明:采用先微波消解预消解后湿法消解相结合的消解方法对海洋生物体中砷的消解,具有消解效率高、消解剂消耗少、操作简单、快捷等优点;采用硝酸-硫酸-高氯酸消解液体系消解生物中痕量砷的回收率与稳定性优于用硝酸-硫酸消解液体系与硝酸-高氯酸消解液体系消解的生物样品。     

西宁市四种蔬菜中砷污染现状分析及评价

[目的]了解西宁市上市蔬菜砷污染现状。[方法]通过测定西宁市4种主要市售蔬菜马铃薯、小油菜、油麦菜、黄瓜中的砷含量水平,对蔬菜砷污染现状进行了评估。[结果]马铃薯、小油菜、油麦菜、黄瓜4种蔬菜砷含量分别为0.018、0.008、0.039、0.008mg/kg,均低于国家无公害蔬菜生产中砷限量标准,超标倍数均为0,污染指数分别为0.036、0.016、0.078、0.016,属于安全清洁水平。[结论]西宁市市售蔬菜达到了无公害蔬菜的要求,可以放心消费。     

腐殖酸对外源砷在土壤中形态转化和有效性的影响

通过室内培养的方法,探讨腐殖酸(HAs)的两种活性组分——富里酸(FA)和胡敏酸(HA)及其不同比例(HA/FA)对土壤As形态转化及有效性的影响。结果表明,HAs的两种组分对土壤As的形态均具有显著影响,其影响程度和方向与其浓度、比例及外源As含量有关。FA和添加量≤1%C的HA能增加土壤交换态As(Ex-As)的含量,添加量≥3%C的HA能降低土壤Ex-As含量;两种组分都能降低土壤铝型As(Al-As)和铁型As(Fe-As)含量,增加残渣态As(Res-As)含量,FA比HA的作用效果更强;在等量(1%C)HAs条件下,HA/FA≥5/5时HAs能降低Ex-As含量,≤3/7时则能增加Ex-As的含量。HAs对土壤有效As的影响是其对As形态分配综合作用的结果,对土壤有效As贡献最大的是Ex-As和Ca-As;HA和添加量较高(≥5%C)的FA能够降低外源As在土壤中的有效性,而添加量较低(≤3%C)的FA能在一定程度上增加土壤As的有效性。因此,掌握有机物料合理的用量和活性组分比例是其作为土壤As活性调控剂的前提。     

污染水稻土中砷及其与土壤基本理化性质关系的研究

[目的]研究污染水稻土中砷及其与土壤基本理化性质的关系。[方法]在泉州和漳州污灌地区取水稻样品,同时采集对应的土壤耕层样品,研究污染水稻土中砷的形态及其与土壤基本理化性质的关系。[结果]土壤全砷含量与土壤游离氧化铁含量呈极显著线性正相关(R2=0.3777**,n=39),与土壤有机质、粘粒含量、CEC等理化性质的相关性不明显。而漳州采样区土壤全砷含量与土壤有效磷含量呈极显著线性正相关(R2=0.308 1**,n=19)。土壤全砷与土壤有效砷呈极显著性线性正相关(R2=0.544 0**,n=39)。土壤有效砷与土壤CEC呈极显著线性正相关(R2=0.5440**,n=39),与土壤游离氧化铁也呈极显著线性正相关(R2=0.7546**,n=39)。[结论]该研究为田间水稻生产砷污染的控制提供了指导。     

氢化物-原子荧光法测定5种补益中药中的汞·砷·铋

[目的]建立常用的5种补益中药——党参、黄芪、当归、龙眼肉、拘杞子中Hg、As和Bi 3种痕量有害元素含量分析的方法。[方法]采用氢化物-原子荧光法测定党参、黄芪、当归、枸杞子、龙眼肉5种补益中药中Hg、As和Bi的含量。[结果]采用湿法消化样品,以硫脲-KBH4-HCl为反应测定体系,在最佳测定条件下,检出限分别为Hg0．15μg/L、As 0．18μg/L、Bi 0．12μg/L。线性范围分别为№0～25．0μg/L、As 0—120．0μg/L、Bi 0～20．0μg/L,加标回收率在96．5％～104．5％。[结论]该法可同时快速、简便、准确地测定5种补益中药中Hg、As和Bi的含量。     

基于in vitro试验的中国典型土壤中砷的健康风险及影响因素

采集中国红壤、黑土、褐土、棕壤和黄壤五种典型土壤,经一个月老化制备成浓度为600 mg·kg–1的砷污染土壤样品,利用体外（in vitro）试验方法（PBET-UF模型）研究经口部摄入的土壤砷在人体胃肠道的生物可给性/生物有效性,并评估其健康风险,进而从土壤性质角度（包括土壤基本理化特性及砷的赋存形态）综合地探讨砷的生物可给性/生物有效性的影响因素,以分析不同土壤间差异的原因。结果表明,土壤砷在胃阶段的生物可给性为37.2%～71.8%,小肠阶段的生物可给性为49.0%～73.3%,小肠阶段的生物有效性为48.6%～72.1%,各类型土壤间差异极显著;土壤砷从胃到小肠是一个逐步被消化溶出的过程,且小肠中溶解态砷均可透过模拟小肠上皮细胞的专用超滤膜;各类型土壤经口部摄入的砷健康风险存在极显著差异,致癌风险和非致癌风险分别超过相应可接受限值两个数量级和一个数量级;此外,土壤砷的生物可给性/生物有效性与土壤pH、游离氧化铁铝含量、迁移系数S及迁移系数W存在显著或极显著相关性,迁移系数S是影响土壤砷在胃阶段的生物可给性的主导因子,土壤pH为影响其在小肠阶段的生物可给性/生物有效性的主导因子,...     

落干过程对土壤-水稻系统镉和砷形态及有效性的影响

通过盆栽试验,在水稻分蘖盛期土壤水分落干过程的第0、3、5、7天进行连续性取样,研究干湿交替的落干（“氧化”）过程中镉、砷在土壤-水稻系统中的迁移转化动态规律。结果表明：落干过程中水稻各部位镉含量随着落干天数的延长而增加,落干后第5天水稻根内和茎叶镉含量较落干0 d处理分别提高了109%和183%(P<0.05);而水稻根内砷含量随着落干天数的延长先减少后增加,与落干0d处理相比,落干后第3天减少了41.96mg·kg–1(P<0.05);茎叶砷含量则随着落干天数的延长而降低,落干后第5天和第7天茎叶砷含量较落干0 d处理分别减少了12%和18%(P<0.05)。落干后第5天处理根表铁膜镉、砷和铁含量分别较落干0 d提高了97%、16%和16%(P<0.05)。随着土壤含水量的降低,土壤Eh逐渐升高、pH逐渐降低、土壤可溶性有机碳增高和有效铁含量降低,促进了土壤中残渣态镉向酸提取态和可还原态镉转化,有效态镉（DTPA法）含量升高,土壤中砷向可氧化态转化,降低有效砷的含量。通过拟合分析可知,当土壤含水率为33.6%左右时,生物可利用的镉和砷含量可同步保持在相对较低...