超声波辅助提取苹果籽油工艺研究

通过二次回归正交旋转组合试验探讨了超声波辅助提取苹果籽油的最佳工艺条件，研究了液料比（石油醚体积与苹果籽质量之比）、提取时间、提取温度和超声波频率对苹果籽油提取率的影响。结果表明，当液料比为8，提取时间为35min，提取温度为35℃，超声波频率为60kHz时，苹果籽油提取率最高，可达到23.94％。通过与索氏提取法对比，证明超声波是一种可靠、高效的提取苹果籽油的方法。     

礼泉县苹果园土壤养分空间变异特征及综合评价

以陕西省礼泉县苹果园为研究区,基于地统计学研究果园土壤养分的空间变异特征,并采用改进TOPSIS和GIS实现对土壤养分空间定量化评价。结果表明:(1)研究区土壤属性空间分布不均和呈弱、中等变异,其由高到低的排序为有效磷速效钾碱解氮SOMpH;(2)pH、SOM、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾的最优变异函数拟合模型分别为指数、指数、高斯、球状和球状,土壤酸碱性的基台效应值小,呈强烈空间相关性,主要由结构性因素引起空间异质,4项土壤养分指标均呈中等空间相关性,空间变异是由随机性因素和结构性因素共同作用的结果;(3)研究区土壤养分综合指数的大致空间分布格局:烽火-史德镇一带和昭陵-石潭镇一线分别向西北降低,土壤养分等级高的地区多处于河谷平原和黄土台塬的南部。从高到低养分等级面积比例为8.581∶22.406∶30.213∶26.482∶12.317。中等及偏下的养分等级占全区的69.013%,主要有南坊、叱干、建陵、城关和烟霞镇等地区。研究区土壤养分等级总体属于中等及偏下,主要分布在研究区的北部和中南部。研究结果为掌握苹果园的养分丰缺状况、变异机理、空间分布和为其精准施肥提供了科学依据。     

金纹细蛾幼虫在陇东苹果树冠层的空间分布研究

为掌握金纹细蛾幼虫在苹果树冠层不同部位的发生规律,为科学防治提供技术支持。以长富2号10年生富士苹果园为研究对象,通过对不同时期金纹细蛾幼虫发生规律、树冠分布特征和集聚性分析,研究了陇东金纹细蛾幼虫在苹果树冠上的空间分布结构。结果发现,金纹细蛾幼虫1 a发生5代。在世代重叠现象和苹果生长期药剂防控的双重影响下,第2代以后各世代之间未出现明显的高峰,在9月上旬之前幼虫数量虽有增长,但增长非常缓慢,而进入9月下旬之后越冬代数量成倍数骤增。从幼虫在树冠上的空间分布看,存在东向和北向＞南向和西向、下部 ＞ 上部、内膛 ＞ 外围的趋势,但是在统计学上却没有显著差异;幼虫在苹果树冠中的分布呈一定的聚集性分布,但聚集度比较小。在前期防控的基础上,加强9月下旬以后的防控,是减少翌年虫源的关键。药剂防控中,在保证树冠全方位防控的同时,树冠下部、内膛、南向和西向为重点防控的空间部位。     

Soil fumigation and compost amendment alter soil microbial community composition but do not improve tree growth or yield in an apple replant site

Apple replant disease (ARD) is a disease complex that reduces survival, growth and yield of replanted trees, and is often encountered in establishing new orchards on old sites. Methyl bromide (MB) has been the fumigant used most widely to control ARD, but alternatives to MB and cultural methods of control are needed. In this experiment, we evaluated the response of soil microbial communities and tree growth and yield to three pre-plant soil treatments (compost amendment, soil treatment with a broad-spectrum fumigant, and untreated controls), and use of five clonal rootstock genotypes (M.7, M.26, CG.6210, G.30 and G.16), in an apple replant site in Ithaca, New York. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)—denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis was used to assess changes in the community composition of bacteria and fungi in the bulk soil 8, 10, 18 and 22 months after trees were replanted. PCR-DGGE was also used to compare the community composition of bacteria, fungi and pseudomonads in untreated rhizosphere soil of the five rootstock genotypes 31 months after planting. Tree caliper and extension growth were measured annually in November from 2002 to 2004. Apple yield data were recorded in 2004, the first fruiting year after planting. Trees on CG.6210 rootstocks had the most growth and highest yield, while trees on M.26 rootstocks had the least growth and lowest yield. Tree growth and yield were not affected by pre-plant soil treatment except for lateral extension growth, which was longer in trees growing in compost-treated soil in 2003 as compared to those in the fumigation treatment. Bulk soil bacterial PCR-DGGE fingerprints differed strongly among the different soil treatments 1 year after their application, with the fingerprints derived from each pre-plant soil treatment clustering separately in a hierarchical cluster analysis. However, the differences in bacterial communities between the soil treatments diminished during the second year after planting. Soil fungal communities converged more rapidly than bacterial communities, with no discernable pattern related to pre-plant soil treatments 10 months after replanting. Changes in bulk soil bacterial and fungal communities in response to soil treatments had no obvious correlation with tree performance. On the other hand, rootstock genotypes modified their rhizosphere environments which differed significantly in their bacterial, pseudomonad, fungal and oomycete communities. Cluster analysis of PCR-DGGE fingerprints of fungal and pseudomonad rhizosphere community DNA revealed two distinct clusters. For both analyses, soil sampled from the rhizosphere of the two higher yielding rootstock genotypes clustered together, while the lower yielding rootstock genotypes also clustered together. These results suggest that the fungal and pseudomonad communities that have developed in the rhizosphere of the different rootstock genotypes may be one factor influencing tree growth and yield at this apple replant site.     

外源物质处理对高温胁迫下苹果果实抗氧化能力的影响

高温胁迫下,果实表皮组织抗氧化代谢变化的总趋势是O2-和MDA含量升高,当胁迫在一定范围内,SOD和POD活性上升;超过一定限度,SOD和POD活性下降。外源自由基产生剂能够增加内源O2-的含量,同时极显著提高SOD的活性。试验结果表明,在45℃温度胁迫下,果实表皮组织O2-含量增加14.52％~61.70％;SOD活性提高1.07~1.66倍。不同种类外源活性氧产生剂对内源O2-含量的影响效能有所不同。碱性二亚硫酸钠可直接产生O2-,所以诱导内源O2-合成的效果更大一些。不同种类外源物质均可显著或极显著提高果实表皮组织SOD和POD活性,提高果实的抗热性。     

超声波降解苹果汁中展青霉素动力学研究

为了掌握超声波降解苹果汁中展青霉素的动力学特性,在前期超声波降解苹果汁中展青霉素的研究基础上,利用拟一级反应动力学方程对超声波影响因素中超声波功率、频率及温度降解苹果汁中展青霉素的试验数据进行拟合,确定相关参数,进一步建立各影响因素降解速率常数与相关影响因子之间的关系方程。结果表明:超声波功率对苹果汁中展青霉素的降解符合拟一级反应方程,超声波功率为490 W时,降解率最大;功率降解速率常数kP与超声波功率的方程为kP=6×10-5P-0.011 7。超声波频率对展青霉素的降解符合拟一级反应方程,超声波频率为45 k Hz时,降解率最大;频率降解速率常数kf与超声波频率f的关系方程为kf=-8×10-4f2+0.111 9f-2.512 6。温度对苹果汁中展青霉素的降解符合拟一级反应方程,温度为30℃时,降解率最大;温度降解速率常数kT与温度T的关系方程为kT=-1×10-4T2+0.006 1T-0.076 9。     

基于粒子滤波的苹果采摘机器人目标姿态估算

针对苹果采摘机器人中果实姿态信息缺失造成果实损伤及采摘失败等问题,根据苹果尾部花萼遗迹区域是否可见分析了果实姿态信息机器视觉测量方法,研究了果实姿态信息的粒子滤波估计。将单目摄像机固定在机器人末端手爪上,在手爪趋近果实的采摘过程中,随机采集多帧果实图像。对每帧图像运用惯性主轴或重心点偏移两种方法计算果实在机器人坐标系下的姿态向量值,并通过粒子滤波融合来得到果实姿态信息的最优估计。实验结果表明,粒子滤波方法可以有效地融合多帧图像的苹果姿态信息,能够减小因依靠单帧图像直接测量而产生的误差。     

基于改进人工势场的苹果采摘机器人机械手避障方法

针对非结构化环境下的采摘机器人机械手实时避障问题,提出一种改进人工势场法的避障路径规划方法。根据自行研制的5自由度苹果采摘机器人机械手具体结构和障碍物特征,进行机械手运动学分析和障碍物建模;在保留传统人工势场法易于实现、结构简单等优点的基础上,针对其存在的局部极小点、陷进区等问题,结合果树生长环境中障碍物的特点,通过引入虚拟目标点使搜索过程跳出局部最优的极小点,从而实现机械手避开障碍物到达目标的灵活避障;将该方法应用于机械手末端位置、障碍物位置和目标位置已知条件下的采摘机器人机械手实时避障任务中,仿真和实验研究结果表明此方法简单,实时性好,能够有效地避开障碍物,成功到达目标位置,适合自然生长状态下苹果的自动采摘。     

苹果图像的背景分割与目标提取

水果的缺陷、大小和颜色差异以及光照等因素影响图像背景分割与目标提取精度.以苹果为研究对象,针对4种不同光照强度条件下采集的280幅不同姿态的苹果图像,将彩色图像的R、G、B分量进行算术运算,然后采用形态学开运算进行消噪处理,采用线性空间滤波消除锯齿状边界,采用自动阈值分割方法进行背景分割与目标提取.结果显示,203幅图像的分割偏差小于1％,占总量的72.5％;70幅图像的分割偏差大于1％而小于2％,占总量的25％;偏差大于2％的有7幅,占总量的2.5％.最大分割偏差为2.83％.     

苹果的介电特性与新鲜度的关系研究

采用平板电极，用破坏性方法研究了金帅苹果切片组织的介电特性与新鲜度的关系，结果表明：在１００Ｈｚ～１００ｋＨｚ的测试频段内，苹果的储藏时间越长，其果肉组织的阻抗值越大，相对介电常数和介质损耗因数越小；其中在１０～１００ｋＨｚ的频率范围内，苹果的介电特性与新鲜度具有明显的相关性。