规模化应用烟蚜茧蜂防治烟蚜的主要技术障碍及应对方法

烟蚜Myzus persicae（Sulzer）是危害烟草Nicotina tobaccumL.的一种主要害虫,烟蚜茧蜂是烟蚜的优势寄生天敌。对烟蚜茧蜂控制烟蚜能力、繁殖技术、保护应用及规模化应用中需要研究的主要技术问题进行了分析,并总结了一些可供规模化应用烟蚜茧蜂防治烟蚜的解决方案。     

Toxicity and sublethal effects of an insecticidal soap on Aphidius colemani (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

BACKGROUND: The effects of an insecticidal soap on the survival, fitness and behaviour of an aphid parasitoid wasp, Aphidius colemani (Viereck), were studied in the laboratory. The LC(50) (soap concentration causing 50% mortality 24 h after treatment) was determined. The survival of parasitoid larvae (% adult emergence), fitness (tibia length of adults) and number of eggs produced per female parasitoid that survived in third- and fourth-instar aphids treated with insecticidal soap LC(50) were also assessed. The LC(50) for third- and fourth-instar aphids was determined to be 3.25 g L(-1). Acceptance by female parasitoids of aphids that survived their LC(50) was also tested. RESULTS: The soap concentration causing 100% mortality in adult wasps 24 h after treatment was 17.5 g L(-1). The LC(50) was 2.75 g L(-1). Soap did not have any effect on the survival of parasitoid immatures or on the fitness or number of eggs produced per female parasitoid. Wasps that were in contact with treated aphids did not oviposit as much in them as in untreated aphids, indicating that female parasitoids detected aphids treated with insecticidal soap. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that aphid parasitoids released following treatment with insecticidal soap are likely to accept a lower proportion of the surviving aphids. Biological control programmes could be ameliorated by soap applications if the latter were made 1 day before the release of wasps in the greenhouse.     

烟蚜茧蜂畸形细胞对寄主生理代谢的调控

【研究目的】研究畸形细胞对寄主蚜虫的生理生化的影响及其自身的发展变化。【方法】分别采用Folin-酚法、SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法、薄层层析法和索氏抽提法测定寄生和未寄生寄主血淋巴的蛋白质含量、蛋白质组成、糖类含量和脂肪含量变化。【结果】寄生寄主与未寄生寄主相比,生理代谢受到抑制。血淋巴蛋白和甘油酯含量随日龄逐渐增加到第3天达最大后下降,而糖含量逐渐降低,分析是畸形细胞分泌和合成的结果。同时,经SDS-PAGE电泳显示,血淋巴中新出现15.9kDa和51.1kDa两种特异的蛋白质。【结论】通过对寄主血淋巴主要成分的分析,烟蚜茧蜂畸形细胞对寄主的发育起着重要的调控作用。     

烟蚜茧蜂生物学研究Ⅳ．──繁殖力、内禀增长力、功能反应及对桃蚜的抑制作用

在恒定的实验室条件下测定了寄生于桃蚜２～３龄若虫的烟蚜茧蜂的繁殖力和寿命。在２２℃下在寄主密度分别为５，１０，２５，１００或２００头／ｄ蚜虫时，寄生蜂平均寿命为３．６～６．８ｄ。试验证明雌蜂产卵量及寄生蚜虫数量为随寄主密度的增加而呈负加速上升，但当密度高于５０头／ｄ蚜虫时，两者均不再明显上升。分析证明烟蚜茧峰的内禀增长力随寄主密度增加而增加，在密度为２００头／ｄ蚜虫时达到最大值，为０．３６４１。当供蚜密度从５增加到２００时烟蚜茧蜂的净生殖力增加了１８倍，但平均世代长度则不受影响。烟蚜茧蜂对桃蚜的功能反应属于ＨｏｌｌｉｎｇⅡ型反应，经计算其ａ＝６．０３４１，Ｔｈ＝０．０１４。此外，还在７个不同起始密度下测定了烟蚜茧蜂对桃蚜种群的抑制作用。     

烟蚜茧蜂防治烟蚜研究进展

介绍了烟蚜的发生特点及对烤烟造成的危害、烟蚜茧蜂的生物学特性及其防治烟蚜的原理,总结了目前烟蚜茧蜂在烤烟上的应用,指出了目前烟蚜茧蜂防治烟蚜技术在实际推广应用过程中存在的问题,并展望了今后的研究方向.     

河北省麦田蚜茧蜂的种类与分布

通过对河北省麦田蚜虫寄生蜂的调查,初步明确了河北省保定市、沧州市沧县、邯郸市、廊坊市香河县和张家口市蔚县5个地区的蚜茧蜂种类,以及保定地区麦田不同时期蚜茧蜂和重寄生蜂的种类.结果表明:保定、沧州和邯郸3地蚜均以燕麦蚜茧蜂和烟蚜茧蜂为优势种,廊坊以燕麦蚜茧蜂为优势种,张家口市蔚县以燕麦蚜茧蜂和麦蚜茧蜂为优势种;保定地区夏季麦蚜盛发期以燕麦蚜茧蜂为优势种,秋季和初春麦田以烟蚜茧蜂为优势种.     

烟蚜茧蜂的种群复壮技术

烟蚜茧蜂是防治烟蚜的优良天敌昆虫,近20年,我国烟蚜茧蜂大规模扩繁技术日臻成熟,以其防控农作物蚜虫的生产应用也取得显著成效.然而在扩繁实践中发现饲养多代后,烟蚜茧蜂的寄生力、生活力、体型、体质量都出现不同程度的下降,降低了烟蚜茧蜂种群的生命力,成为连续大规模扩繁烟蚜茧蜂的生产瓶颈.在实验室前期的烟蚜茧蜂退化试验中,我们...     

烟蚜茧蜂防治烟蚜对烟叶质量的影响——以楚雄彝族自治州牟定县新桥镇为例

[目的]探讨烟蚜茧蜂对烟叶质量的影响。[方法]在云南省楚雄彝族自治州牟定县气候环境和生产条件下,比较烟蚜茧蜂释放区、常规防治区和空白对照区的经济性状、烟叶外观质量、化学成分和评吸质量。[结果]放蜂防治区的烟叶较易烘烤并且烤后黄烟率较高,单叶重高达8.6 g,产量高达2 742.5 kg/hm2,产值高达50 875.00元/hm2,均价18.55元/kg,上等烟比例为53.10%,烟叶产量、产值和总体质量明显较常规防治区和空白对照区好。[结论]试验结果为利用烟蚜茧蜂防治烟蚜提供了理论依据。     

Parasitism of canola aphids in France in autumn

In light of a recent increase in the aphid populations on young canola (Brassica napus) in autumn in Northwestern Europe, we carried out a survey of their parasitoid species during this season. The study was done in France from 1998 to 2001 using different sampling methods. Results highlighted the presence of two main species of Aphidiinae, Aphidius matricariae and Diaeretiella rapae (and to a lesser extent Aphidius ervi) on Myzus persicae, and of D. rapae on Brevicoryne brassicae. Nine other Aphidiinae species were found occasionally as well as some Aphelinidae parasitoids and hyperparasitoids. There was no difference in parasitoid species pattern between fields in Northern and Southern France. The principal parasitoid species found in the fields were reared in the laboratory to confirm their ability to develop on the canola aphids. Aphidius matricariae and D. rapae were reared successfully on M. persicae, but a low parasitism rate was obtained for A. ervi on this aphid. This study showed that A. matricariae and D. rapae could develop on aphids on canola and that they are present naturally in canola in autumn. However, the parasitism rate is low in autumn, so the options could be the use of these parasitoids in augmentative release biological control programs or in an IPM project on canola fields during this time of the year.     

南方小花蝽对三种蚜虫的捕食能力和喜好性

南方小花蝽Orius similis是我国南方农田生态系统中一种对小型害虫极具控害潜力的重要捕食性天敌昆虫.为了明确天敌南方小花蝽对云南小春作物上常见蚜虫的捕食能力和喜好性,本文在实验室条件下研究了南方小花蝽5龄若虫、雌雄成虫对不同组猎物的捕食喜好性.选取云南小春作物上3种主要蚜虫种类:烟蚜Myzus persicae...