关于农田尺度下土壤有机质的空间变异研究

本文将空间分析技术与地统计学方法相结合,以某流域的土壤白土及乌栅土的各三层 土壤样本开展了数据处理及系统化分析,深入探讨了土壤有机质含量所存在的空间变异特征, 望能为此领域研究有所帮助。     

1901-2013年塔吉克斯坦极端降水事件时空变化特征

根据Climate Research Unite(CRU) 1901-2013年最新0.5.×0.5.网格点的逐月潜在蒸散量和降水数据,.运用趋势分析法、Mann-Kendall非参数检验法和小波分析法,探究了塔吉克斯坦过去113 a极端降水事件的特征及其区域差异.结果表明:①过去113 a,塔吉克斯坦年、春季、秋季和冬季的极端降水事件都呈增加趋势,其增势分别为:0.33次·(10a)-1、0.15次·(10a)-1、0.07次·(10a)-1和0.20次·(10a)-1,而夏季呈轻微的减少趋势;年和四季都发生了明显突变,且存在变化周期.②东部的戈尔诺-巴达赫尚自治州年、春季、秋季和冬季的极端降水事件发生频次相对较高,哈特隆州西南部和索格特州西北地区极端降水事件发生频次相对较低;而夏季极端降水事件在戈尔诺-巴达赫尚自治州西部、索格特州的北部地区和哈特隆州的东部发生频次较高,在塔吉克斯坦最西部和东部则发生频次较低.在塔吉克斯坦的哈特隆州和中央直属区的东部,以及戈尔诺-巴达赫尚自治州的极端降水事件增势最为明显.     

1982-2006年华北植被指数时空变化特征

利用1982-2006年GIMMS/NDVI数据,研究华北近25 a来植被指数在时间和空间上的变化。结果表明:①植被指数的年内变化呈单峰型,最大值出现在夏季,其中北京市NDVI最大,森林NDVI比农田和草地NDVI大;②华北年平均NDVI呈增加趋势,河北省植被指数增加最快,北京市次之,不同土地覆盖类型中,农田NDVI增加最快,草地次之,森林最小;③空间趋势分析结果显示,华北植被指数改善的面积占整个地区面积的15.96%,退化面积占11.86%,其中,河北省改善面积最大,内蒙古退化较明显,不同土地覆盖类型中,农田植被改善最明显;④基于华北近年暖干化发展趋势下,人类活动对该区域NDVI变化起到了重要作用。     

Genetic variability within Phaeoisariopsis griseola from Central America and its implications for resistance breeding of common bean

The genetic and virulence variability of 112 isolates of Phaeoisariopsis griseola , collected from various locations in Central America, were studied using seven random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers and 12 common-bean differential genotypes. Broad molecular diversity ( H  = 0·92) among isolates was found using RAPD markers. Fifty pathotypes were identified on 12 differential bean genotypes, 29 of which were represented by only one isolate. Only 18 pathotypes were found in two or more countries. Pathotype 63-63 was the most virulent and caused leaf spots on all 12 common-bean differential genotypes. Comparison of virulence phenotypes and RAPD profiles to known Andean P. griseola isolates confirmed that all isolates belonged to the Mesoamerican group. Pairwise comparison between individual RAPD loci showed that the majority were in gametic phase linkage disequilibrium, revealing that P. griseola maintains a genetic structure that is consistent with asexual reproduction. The molecular and virulence diversities of P. griseola isolates from Central America imply that using single resistance genes to manage angular leaf spot is inadequate and stacking resistance genes may be necessary to manage the disease effectively.     

Variation in pigment content of flour color in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Summary Variation in pigment content of the flour of bread wheats (Triticum aestivum L.) was studied in the progenies of F₁ and F₂ of three crosses and their reciprocals. Reciprocal differences in pigment content were observed in the F₁ and F₂ means. Low pigment content was found to be partially dominant or over dominant in the crosses studied. There was evidence of substantial mid-parent F₁ heterosis in all crosses and betterparent F₁ heterosis in three crosses. In the F₂, heritability estimates were moderate to high. The F₂ frequency distributions were not normal. Estimation of effective factor pairs indicated the presence of one or two major gene pairs involved in the expression of pigment content in the flour. Action of modifiers was also assumed in one cross and its reciprocal. A factorial approach to metrical character suggested that the F₂ segregation ratios of low pigment content to high pigment content were 3:1, 15:1, 13:3 and 9:7 for the different crosses. Utilization of the findings in a wheat breeding program is briefly discussed.     

Evaluation of the germ plasm collection of safflower,Carthamus tinctorius L. VII. Variability of capitulum width and outer involucral bracts' dimensions

Summary A germ plasm collection of safflower, Carthamus tinctorius L., with about 900 lines from over twenty countries was evaluated in Utah, USA for head width and outer involucral bracts (OIB) dimensions, traits affected by both human and natural selection. The regional germ plasm pools contained considerable variability for these traits. Plants bearing short or long as well as narrow or wide OIB were well adapted. Geographical clines were detected for the means of OIB dimensions, indicating possible gene flow. The correlations of the OIB dimensions with yield, yield components, oil content and growing period were not instructive and at times very inconsistent. Primary head diameter varied considerably within the regional gene pools. Its correlations with yield/plant, number of heads/plant, seed weight and oil content were inconsistent. Capitulum width was positively and significantly correlated with the number of seeds per head. Head diameter, however, can vary considerably without affecting seed yield per unit area.     

油松种内材质变异的研究

对油松2个天然林、11个人工林中326株样水以及11年生子代林16个家系151株样木的木材密度、管胞长度、晚材率作了观测,上述指标在树于不同方位间无显著差异,但在不同高度间有极显著的差异,纵向变异模式一致。材质指标的变异存在于种内各层次间,但林分内单株间的变量最大。生长快慢和材质间不存在相关,木材密度和管胞长度遗传力在中度以上。     

山东沿海褶牡蛎与太平洋牡蛎等位基因酶的遗传变异

采用水平淀粉凝胶电泳技术研究了山东沿海莱州 (LZ)、俚岛 (LD)和青岛 (QD)三地褶牡蛎自然群体以及荣成的太平洋牡蛎 (TP)养殖群体的等位基因酶遗传变异。进行测试的 9种酶中共检测到 2 0个位点。LZ与QD群体的多态位点比例为 6 0 .0 % ,其余两群体均为 5 5 .0 %。LZ、LD、TP和QD各位点平均有效等位基因数分别为 1.42 2± 0 .16 5、1.2 38± 0 .0 85、1.2 0 7± 0 .0 86和 1.32 6± 0 .119。平均杂合度观察值分别为 0 .2 16± 0 .0 5 0、0 .16 5± 0 .0 36、0 .139± 0 .0 34和 0 .195± 0 .0 42。结果表明 ,LZ和QD群体的遗传变异水平高于LD和TP群体。同时 ,各群体中普遍存在杂合子缺失现象。太平洋牡蛎群体与其它三个褶牡蛎群体的遗传距离很小 ,甚至小于莱州和青岛的两个褶牡蛎群体间的遗传距离 0 .0 5 0 0 ,尤其是与俚岛褶牡蛎群体遗传相似度最大 ,遗传距离小于其它各群体之间的距离 ,仅为 0 .0 0 99。     

火炬松引种家系的遗传变异及速生稳定性综合评价

以国内早期引种的湿地松Pinus elliottii和福建乡土树种马尾松Pinus mnssoniana为对照，对从美国种子园引种的21个火炬松Pinus taeda家系及国内早期引种种子园采种的4个火炬松家系进行遗传变异研究．结果表明：火炬松在福建省的总体生长表现优于对照湿地松和福建乡土树种马尾松，树高、胸径、材积等性状在家系间差异显著，且受中等以上遗传力所控制，遗传变异系数多在4．5％以上．火炬松生长性状5年生生长量的家系方差、地点方差和基因型与地点互作方差均达显著水平．通过对生产力指数和回归系数进行二维散点图聚类分析，最终确定25、19、18号家系为速生平均稳定家系，具有广泛的适应性，可在造林区普遍推广；20、17、23、24、22、16号家系为速生不稳定家系．特别适应于优良环境。