黑米花色苷调节脂质代谢作用及其分子机制研究进展

近年来大量体内外实验研究证实花色苷具有调节脂代谢作用。黑米种皮富含花色苷,是天然花色苷重要的来源之一。本文综述了黑米花色苷对脂质代谢的调节作用,并分别从调节脂肪酸和胆固醇代谢相关酶及其基因的表达的角度总结了其作用机制,分析了研究中存在的主要问题,提出了下一步深入研究的重要方向,旨在为黑米精深加工和功能食品开发提供理论依据。     

延迟采收对葡萄果实多酚类物质含量的影响

以酿酒葡萄品种赤霞珠(Vitis vinifera L.cv.Cabernet Sauvignon)果实为试材,探讨了延迟采收对多酚类物质的影响。结果表明,采收期延迟至10月1日,葡萄果实内总酚、花色苷、类黄酮含量比正常采收期(9月11日)分别提高29%、65%、70%,但单宁含量变化较小。采收期延迟至10月21日,果实内单宁含量达到最大,比正常采收提高了108%。方差分析结果表明:总酚、花色苷、总类黄酮含量差异均达到极显著水平,单宁含量差异达到显著水平。因而,赤霞珠葡萄最佳采收期为10月1日至10日。     

HPLC法对5种花色铃儿花中花青素的定量分析

利用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)分析不同花色铃儿花中花青素组分及其含量。样品经处理后,分析柱为C18柱、流动相为4%磷酸水溶液与乙腈、等梯度洗脱、检测波长520 nm、外标法定量进行分析。结果表明,在玉色、白色、浅粉色、粉色、红色5个典型花色中,浅粉色铃儿花的花青素种类最多,为24种。随着铃儿花颜色的加深,花青素总含量逐渐增加,红色铃儿花花青素含量最高,达411.19μg/g。不同花色的铃儿花中,HPLC峰面积与峰高比值与芍药素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、飞燕草色素和锦葵色素含量成正相关趋势。     

Fruit quality in ‘Cripp's Pink’ apple,especially colour,as affected by preharvest sprays of aminoethoxyvinylglycine and ethephon

‘Cripp's Pink’ apple grown in Western Australia often develops poor colour at commercial harvest resulting in economic losses. To determine if fruit colour could be improved without advancing ripening, ‘Cripp's Pink’ apple fruit on trees were sprayed with aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) alone, ethephon alone, or AVG followed by ethephon. The experiments were conducted at two different locations in Western Australia in 2002 and 2003. Fruit sprayed with AVG alone had retarded colour development at harvest. However, ethephon applied after AVG enhanced percent red blush, anthocyanin concentration and reduced chlorophyll concentration in the fruit skin in both locations. These fruit had similar colour to those treated with ethephon alone. Internal ethylene concentration and fruit firmness were unaffected by the different treatments in 2002. However, in 2003 AVG with or without ethephon reduced internal ethylene concentration and maintained firmness compared to ethephon alone. In conclusion, AVG treatment alone delayed colour development and ripening of ‘Cripp's Pink’, while AVG application 5 weeks before harvest followed by an ethephon application 2 weeks later enhanced red colour at commercial harvest. This is, therefore, an effective tool for improving colour of ‘Cripp's Pink’ apples at commercial harvest without adversely affecting other fruit quality attributes.     

Ingestion of Black Chokeberry Fruit Extract Leads to Intestinal and Systemic Changes in a Rat Model of Prediabetes and Hyperlipidemia

This report presents a complex analysis of changes proceeding in the gut, blood and internal organs of rats with induced oxidative stress, glucose intolerance and hyperlipidemia after dietary supplementation with an extract from black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) fruit, that is a condensed source of polyphenols (714 mg/g), especially anthocyanin glycosides (56.6%). The disturbances mimicking those observed in metabolic syndrome were induced by a high-fructose diet and simultaneous single injection of streptozotocin (20 mg/kg). Dietary supplementation with the chokeberry fruit extract (0.2%) decreased activity of maltase and sucrase as well as increased activity of lactase in the mucosa of the small intestine. Its ingestion led also to the improvement of antioxidant status, especially, the concentration of a lipid peroxidation indicator (TBARS) in organ tissues (liver, kidney and lung) was normalized; some cholesterol-lowering and distinct hypoglycemic actions were also observed. The mechanism of glucose reduction is likely to be multifactorial, and we suggest the factors related with the decreased activity of mucosal disaccharidases important for further investigation. In conclusion, chokeberry fruit derivatives may act as a promising supplementary therapeutic option in the prevention and treatment of disorders occurring in metabolic syndrome, as well as their complications.     

莴苣花青素研究进展

花青素为水溶性类黄酮化合物，具有保护植物免受紫外伤害、清除活性氧组分、抵抗逆境以及改变植物色泽等多种生物学功能，同时具有抗衰老、防肥胖以及预防心血管疾病等保健功效。少数莴苣品种表型为紫色，富含花青素。本文论述了莴苣花青素的生物合成与调控途径，以及影响莴苣花青素积累的因素，旨在为开发富含花青素的莴苣功能性食品提供参考依据。     

响应面法优化女贞子色素提取工艺研究

用响应面优化法研究了女贞子果中花色苷的最佳提取工艺,结果表明:提取女贞子果中的花色苷的最佳工艺参数为液料比为31.28∶1、提取温度70℃、提取时间96.04 min。该研究为女贞子色素的大量开发利用奠定理论基础。     

桑葚花青素的提取工艺优化研究

[目的]优化桑葚花青素的提取工艺.[方法]以浙江省内栽培种植的大十品种为研究对象,利用正交试验,筛选出了提取桑葚花青素的最佳工艺.并以10个不同品种的桑葚为研究对象,对桑葚果汁和果渣中总花青素类的含量进行研究.[结果]试验表明,影响花青素提取的主要因素影响顺序为：乙醇浓度＞浸泡次数＞提取液pH＞料液比,最佳提取工艺条件为：乙醇浓度50％、提取液pH 4、料液比1∶1 g/ml、浸泡3次.大十品种的果汁和果渣干粉得率和总花青素含量都是供试的10个品种中最高的,值得推广种植.[结论]研究可为桑葚花青素的进一步加工及产品开发提供科学依据,也为桑葚果渣的再利用提供理论依据.     

花色苷强化植物耐旱性的生理机制

综述了花色苷提高植物耐旱性的可能生理机制。干旱胁迫可诱导植物细胞合成和积累花色苷。花色苷的光化学性质、亚细胞积累位点及其在植物器官、组织中的空间分布决定了花色苷能强化植物的耐旱性,其生理机制可能涉及3个方面,即：花色苷本身及其螯合的金属离子可直接通过充当植物细胞的渗透调节物质而优化细胞的渗透调节能力;恰当空间定位的花色苷能减轻植物在干旱胁迫下的光抑制、花色苷可有效维持并强化植物细胞在干旱条件下的活性氧清除能力。其中,花色苷提高植物细胞在干旱胁迫下的抗氧化能力可能是花色苷强化植物耐旱性的主要原因。该研究可为具花色苷合成和积累能力植物的抗旱机理探究和抗旱品种的培育提供参考。     

Physico-chemical and antioxidant properties of six apple cultivars (Malus domestica Borkh) grown in southern Brazil

The objective of this study was to compare the physico-chemical properties and antioxidant activity of six apple cultivars grown in southern Brazil. Apple peel color, dry matter, total soluble solids, pH, total sugars, titratable acidity, total phenolics, total monomeric anthocyanin and total antioxidant activity were measured in the apple cultivars Imperatriz, Daiane, Fred Hough, Fuji Suprema, Galaxy and Baronesa. The results showed great quantitative differences in the composition of the apple cultivars. Of all the cultivars, the peel of Galaxy was slightly more red-colored and that of Fred Hough was the least red-colored. The dry matter varied from 15.24% (Galaxy) to 19.55% (Fuji Suprema), the soluble solids content was between 11.8 (Fred Hough) and 14.0 (Daiane) °Brix, pH values varied from 3.90 (Imperatriz) to 4.27 (Fred Hough), the total sugar content (g 100 g⁻¹) ranged from 11.54 (Imperatriz) to 14.78 (Fuji Suprema) and the titratable acidity content (g 100 g⁻¹) varied from 0.20 (Baronesa) to 0.36 (Imperatriz). The total phenolic content (GAE 100 g⁻¹ fresh matter) observed in the apple cultivars was between 105.4 (Baronesa) and 269.7 mg (Imperatriz). The values of the total anthocyanin content (mg 100 g⁻¹ FM) ranged from 4.79 (Fred Hough) to 41.96 (Galaxy). The highest total antioxidant activity was observed in Imperatriz (739 μmol TEAC 100 g⁻¹ FM), while the lowest value was found in Fuji Suprema (335 μmol TEAC 100 g⁻¹ FM). There was a strong correlation between total monomeric anthocyanin content and all peel color measurements and between antioxidant activity and total phenolic content. The results suggested that genotype is the main factor that determines the composition of bioactive compounds in apples and this provides important information on how to make the best use of the apple cultivars investigated.