1. This study investigated the effect of different levels of seeds of lupin species (Lupinus angustifolius, Lupinus luteus and Lupinus albus) on broiler growth performance, nutrient digestibility and apparent metabolisable energy of poultry diets.
2. A control diet containing corn–soybean meal and test diets containing 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 g/kg of three lupin species were fed to broiler chickens during a 35-day study period. There were 10 replicate cages of 8 broiler chickens per treatment.
3. Growth performance of the birds fed with yellow and white lupin diets was found to be similar to that of the birds in the control group. The use of narrow-leaved lupin seeds in the diet quadratically decreased the body weight gain of birds and increased feed conversion ratio during all the experimental periods (0–14, 15–35 and overall 0–35 days of age).
4. A significant interaction between lupin species and their inclusion levels for apparent metabolisable energy and apparent ileal digestibility of starch was observed, showing a negative effect of increasing levels of narrow-leaved lupin. Pearson correlation coefficients demonstrated that the presence of raffinose and non-starch polysaccharides is a key factor affecting the nutritive value of lupin,
5. Yellow and white lupins could be utilised as an alternative ingredient for soybean meal in the diet of broiler chickens without any adverse effects on growth performance. The narrow-leaved counterpart diet reduced broiler performance, and hence did not provide a satisfactory outcome. 相似文献
Human–carnivore conflicts are a major cause of the decline in global carnivore populations. Since 2009, Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus) depredation incidents in Ecuador’s northern Andes cordillera have reached unprecedented levels: more than 320 livestock deaths. The objectives of this article were to: evaluate local perceptions and knowledge of the Andean bear in response to frequent depredation incidents; better understand the cattle-raising culture of the region; and describe noted depredation incidents. Interviews were conducted with 83 participants in three locations within the depredation-conflict zone. Locals knew that pastures near the forest were vulnerable to bear depredation but often had few alternatives to raise cattle. Six depredation incidents were described. An effective management approach should concurrently improve livestock husbandry, track several of the region’s bears, develop policies that do not reward compensation but acknowledge depredation incidents, and use education to rectify false perceptions and misinformation of bears in the region. 相似文献
An 8‐week trial was conducted to assess the feasibility of replacing soybean meal (SBM) by lupin seed meal (LSM) in simulated commercial diets for juvenile tilapia starting at 0.3 g. Of the dietary protein (26% crude protein), 3.45% was from fishmeal and the rest came from the vegetable protein sources. The protein source of the control (C) diet came mainly from SBM and none (0%) from LSM. For the other diets, 33%, 67%, or 100% of the SBM protein was replaced by protein from either whole or dehulled LSM. One further diet was used: AW100, where alkaloid of the whole lupin seed was reduced. Survival, growth, and feed performance were compared among seven orthogonal contrasts to determine the effects of replacing SBM with whole LSM or dehulled LSM, and of reducing the alkaloid content. No differences in survival were found among all contrasts. No differences in fish growth and feed performance were found between feeding diet C and the other six diets ((whole, dehulled) × (33, 67, and 100)). Dehulled LSM diets resulted in better growth and feed performance than the whole LSM diets. Partial replacement of SBM by either dehulled LSM or whole LSM in diets obtained better growth and feed performance than total replacement. The AW100 diet resulted in equal fish growth but better feed performance than the W100 diet. This study concluded that partial, but not total, replacement of soybean protein with lupin seed protein in juvenile tilapia diets resulted in better, or at least equal, growth and feed performance. Dehulling further enhanced the growth and performance of LSM. Alkaloid removal improved feed performance but not the growth. 相似文献
The Andean blackberry (Rubus glaucus) is an important source of income in hillside regions of Colombia. However, growers have little reliable information on the factors that affect the development and yield of the crop, and therefore there is a dearth of information on how to effectively manage the crop. Site specific information recorded by small-scale producers of the Andean blackberry on their production systems and soils coupled with publicly available meteorological data was used to develop models of such production systems. Multilayer perceptrons and Self-Organizing Maps were used as computational models in the identification and visualization of the most important variables for modeling the production of Andean blackberry. Artificial neural networks were trained with information from 20 sites in Colombia where the Andean blackberry is cultivated. Multilayer perceptrons predicted with a reasonable degree of accuracy the production response of the crop. The soil depth, the average temperature, external drainage, and the accumulated precipitation of the first month before harvest were critical determinants of productivity. A proxy variable of location was used to describe overall differences in management between farmers groups. The use of this proxy indicated that, even under essentially similar environmental conditions, large differences in production could be assigned to management effects. The information obtained can be used to determine sites that are suitable for Andean blackberry production, and to transfer of management practices from sites of high productivity to sites with similar environmental conditions which currently have lower levels of productivity. 相似文献
The effect of dietary inclusion of whole grain white lupin (Lupinus albus) on growth performance, histology, muscle fatty acid composition and nutrient digestibility was investigated in an 11‐week growth and a 4‐week digestibility trial with rainbow trout (initial body weight of 54.0 ± 6.2 and 181.9 ± 3.4 g respectively). Four experimental extruded diets were formulated to contain 0%, 30%, 40% and 50% of whole grain lupin and fed to triplicate groups of fish twice a day until apparent satiation. Faeces were collected daily from each digestibility tank by decantation. No significant trends were observed with respect to growth, feed utilization, apparent digestibility coefficients or whole‐body composition (P>0.05). Conversely, increasing levels of dietary lupin led to significant decreases in the Hepatosomatic index (R2=0.75, P<0.05) and slight lipid infiltration into hepatocytes and enterocytes. Muscle fatty acid compositions were slightly affected by the dietary treatment. Polynomial regression of dietary inclusion of lupin and muscle fatty acid concentrations showed an increase in C18:1n‐9, C18:2n‐6 and C18:3n‐3 and a decrease in C20:5n‐3 with increasing dietary lupin level. These results demonstrated that whole grain lupin can be included up to 50% in commercial rainbow trout diets without negative effects. 相似文献
Two experiments were conducted to examine critical thresholds to fishmeal inclusion in diets for barramundi and also the suitability of a range of different raw materials as alternative protein sources for this species. The first experiment used two diets formulated to the same digestible protein and energy specifications, which were then used to create a series of blended experimental diets that varied in fishmeal content from 0 to 770 g kg?1. An additional diet containing sodium sulfamerazine was used as a negative control. Feed intake was unaffected with diets containing as little as 11% fishmeal, although broken‐line regression suggests that an inclusion of ~150 g kg?1 fishmeal is a more likely threshold value. In a second experiment, a further series of diets was formulated for juvenile barramundi according to digestible protein and energy specifications predicted by existing bio‐energetic models. Each of the test raw materials was substituted for fishmeal at either 200 or 300 g kg?1 (dependent on formulation or extrusion limitations), and two additional diets were included to examine two practical formulations. A diet with only fishmeal as the protein source was included as a reference. Each diet was produced using an APV19 twin‐screw extruder and then vacuum infused with the specified fish oil allocation. Each of the diet pellets produced was also characterized for a range of physical parameters. Fish of an initial weight of 70 ± 0.6 g fish?1 were randomly allocated across 24 tanks with three replicates per treatment. After 6 weeks, average weight gain across all treatments was 73 ± 12.7 g fish?1 and feed conversion across all treatments averaged 0.94 ± 0.08 g fish?1. None of the diets using alternative raw materials had poorer growth or feed conversion than the fishmeal‐based reference diet. The inclusion of either the lupin kernel meals or canola meal significantly improved both weight gain and feed conversion compared to the reference diet. The results from this study demonstrate that there is clear potential to replace the fishmeal content of diets for barramundi without loss of fish performance, up to and including diets with as little as 150 g kg?1 fishmeal inclusion. 相似文献
Characterization of crop germplasm from specific regions helps understand the patterns of genetic variation that facilitates
further germplasm collection, characterization, management and their more efficient utilization in genetics, breeding and
other studies. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a traditional crop in the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) where subsistence farmers have been growing and maintaining
their own cultivars since their introductions from the Americas in the sixteenth century. Our objectives were to: (i) characterize
diversity in the landraces collected from the Iberian Peninsula and (ii) form a core collection. Of 388 landraces from the
major production regions characterized for 34quantitative and 13 qualitative characters, including morphological, agronomic
and biochemical traits, 74.7% had an Andean origin, 16.8% a Mesoamerican origin and 8.4% had seed mixtures or were recombinants
between the two gene pools. Landraces of indeterminate climbing growth habit Type IV(47.2%) and bush determinate Type I(26.4%)
with large (52.9%) and medium(27.4%) seeds of white (38.8%) and cream(25.9%) colour were predominant. Similarly, the ‘T’ phaseolin
pattern and common bean race Nueva Granada were the most frequent(51%). Some exceptionally large-seeded landraces of Andean
(e.g., PHA-0917 with119 g 100-seed weight-1) and Mesoamerican (e.g., PHA-0399 with 66 g100-seed weight-1) were found. These and other possible recombinants between the two gene pools merit further investigation. Fifty two landraces
(13%) were chosen to form a core collection representing the genetic diversity in the Iberian Peninsula.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
Seed provision for small-scale farmers deals with multiple constraints. These include, on the supply side, high seed production
costs and poor adaptedness of the cultivars, and on the demand side, anticyclical demand and low and variable sales. Approaches
to improve seed provision to this sector of farmers have so far not been very successful. This paper discusses how well-adapted
cultivars developed through participatory plant breeding (PPB) initiatives create new opportunities for production and distribution
of quality seed. It reviews supply and demand-side issues, based on research and experiences with seed production. Given better
adaptation of PPB-cultivars, the diffusion of seed of PPB initiatives should not be a major bottleneck. But constraints in
the provision of quality seed from cultivars that are commonly used remain and need to be addressed. Major points of attention
are cost-effective seed production and distribution, high information linked transaction costs, and appropriate seed production
technology. Research on these issues is needed to understand farmers’ seed demand. At the same time, these issues need to
be taken into account in new seed production initiatives that apply integrated approaches. Long term commitment by farmers
to produce, distribute and use seeds is a condition. Even if seed production is not economically sustainable at household
or organization level, farmer-based seed systems generate benefits to society as a whole that justify long term public investment
to maintain them. 相似文献
Summary Necrotrophic pathogens of the cool season food legumes (pea, lentil, chickpea, faba bean and lupin) cause wide spread disease
and severe crop losses throughout the world. Environmental conditions play an important role in the development and spread
of these diseases. Form of inoculum, inoculum concentration and physiological plant growth stage all affect the degree of
infection and the amount of crop loss. Measures to control these diseases have relied on identification of resistant germplasm
and development of resistant varieties through screening in the field and in controlled environments. Procedures for screening
and scoring germplasm and breeding lines for resistance have lacked uniformity among the various programs worldwide. However,
this review highlights the most consistent screening and scoring procedures that are simple to use and provide reliable results.
Sources of resistance to the major necrotrophic fungi are summarized for each of the cool season food legumes. Marker-assisted
selection is underway for Ascochyta blight of pea, lentil and chickpea, and Phomopsis blight of lupin. Other measures such
as fungicidal control and cultural control are also reviewed. The emerging genomic information on the model legume, Medicago truncatula, which has various degrees of genetic synteny with the cool season food legumes, has promise for identification of closely
linked markers for resistance genes and possibly for eventual map-based cloning of resistance genes. Durable resistance to
the necrotrophic pathogens is a common goal of cool season food legume breeders. 相似文献