Landscape,Soil, and Plant Analysis of Japanese Stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum) Invasion in the Piedmont Region,SC

Japanese stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum), an exotic invasive plant, is native to Southeast Asia. This study was conducted to determine the chemical composition of Japanese stiltgrass as well as soil and landscape characteristics that correlate with invasion of Japanese stiltgrass around Lake Issaqueena in the upper Piedmont of South Carolina. Geographic Information Systems (GISs) and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) were used to determine the spatial pattern of invasion with respect to the aspect, slope, canopy cover, soils, and distance to roads and trails. Japanese stiltgrass was distributed on both sides of Lake Issaqueena in Pacolet and Madison soil map units (Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults) on the average slopes of 21%, but it was particularly common on the eastern shore of the lake in low-lying wet and shaded areas (mean canopy cover 51%). In addition, invasion by Japanese stiltgrass was correlated with the proximity to roads and trails. Plant tissue analysis revealed many differences in the distribution of macronutrients, macrominerals, and micronutrients in the leaves, stems, and roots of Japanese stiltgrass, although those differences were not always statistically significant. Concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and calcium (Ca) were the highest in leaves while zinc (Zn) concentrations were the highest in stems and concentrations of magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and sodium (Na) tended to be higher in roots. Carbon (C), sulfur (S), and potassium (K) concentrations were generally higher in above-ground tissues versus roots. Soil chemical analysis revealed no statistical differences between control and invaded plots. Our findings suggest that watershed areas surrounding lakes may be particularly susceptible to the invasion of Japanese stiltgrass due to their microclimates, low-lying wet pathways for seed distribution and recreational uses.     

Site-Specific Nitrogen Management in Rice Using Remote Sensing and Geostatistics

Proper doses of nitrogenous fertilizer are most important for rice production system because a large part of the nitrogen may be lost if it is not applied judiciously. A study was conducted covering five blocks of Balasore and two blocks of Bhadrak districts. Soil samples were collected randomly, and field visit was conducted during peak vegetative stage of rice. Two approaches have been used in this study for estimating the site-specific nitrogen (N) requirement in the study area. In one approach, geostatisical analysis and kriging was used to develop the soil test–based N recommendation map by which a minimum of 72 kg N ha^?1 and maximum of 94 kg N ha^?1 were recommended. In a second approach, remote sensing was used and N recommendation map was developed using the moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) leaf area index (LAI) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) satellite data, and a minimum requirement of 60 kg N ha^?1 and maximum of 120 kg N ha^?1 was estimated through this approach.     

Temporal variation of total and DTPA-extractable heavy metal contents as influenced by sewage sludge and perlite in a calcareous soil

Continuous application of sewage sludge (SS) as a source of organic matter, may increase available heavy metals (HMs) up to their critical levels. As a consequence their uptake by plants, risks of accumulation in food chain and groundwater pollution increases. To evaluate the effects of perlite and SS on total content and available fraction of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) over 45 and 90 days a completely randomized pot experiment was conducted. Treatments consisted of SS (0, 2 and 4%) and combined SS and perlite levels (1:1, 1.5:0.5 and 0.5:1.5% SS:perlite). Mean available Fe, Ni, Cd, Mn and Zn fractions decreased over time by 7–27%, whereas, total contents did not change. Available HMs in SS-treated soils increased by 0.5–25%; whereas, only total Zn, Cu and Pb concentrations increased with SS application (although concentrations fall in the range of critical levels). The lowest (1.6 fold) and highest (22.1 fold) increases obtained for available Cu and Zn, respectively. Perlite could mitigate the adverse effect of high rate application of SS on amplification of HMs extractability. Therefore, their concomitant applications can be suggested considering the perlite durability and its positive effects on soil physical properties.     

水氮调控对设施土壤有机氮组分、全氮和矿质氮的影响

为探讨水氮调控对设施土壤有机氮组分、全氮和矿质氮的影响,通过膜下滴灌设施番茄田间定位试验,采用灌水下限(W_1、W_2、W_3)和施氮量(N_1、N_2、N_3)的两因素三水平随机区组设计,研究水氮调控对休耕期0—30cm土层土壤有机氮组分、全氮和矿质氮的影响。结果表明,不同水氮调控下,设施土壤有机氮主要是以酸解态氮为主,总体表现酸解态氮大于非酸解态氮含量。土壤有机氮组分在酸解态氮和非酸解态氮中分配比例差异明显。土壤有机氮各组分含量及占全氮比例的大小顺序为氨基酸氮/氨态氮未知氮氨基糖氮。除氨基糖氮,其余酸解态氮各组分和酸解总氮含量及其占全氮比例均随着土层深度的增加而降低,不同土层含量差异显著(P0.05)。土壤全氮、矿质氮和总有机氮含量随土层深度的增加也呈降低趋势,且含量差异达到极显著水平(P0.01)。除氨基糖氮,全氮与其他有机氮各组分、酸解总氮间均达到极显著正相关(P0.01);矿质氮仅与酸解氨态氮及酸解总氮的影响达到极显著(P0.01)和显著正相关(P0.05)。灌水下限、施氮量及水氮交互对设施土壤全氮、矿质氮和总有机氮及有机氮组分影响均达到极显著水平(P0.01)。因此,设施土壤氮素含量的变化与水氮管理模式紧密相关。氨态氮和氨基酸氮是设施土壤中最主要的有机氮形态,是土壤活性氮中的主要组分,亦是土壤供氮潜力的表征。考虑土壤供氮潜力,灌水下限35kPa、施氮量300kg/hm~2为该设施生产下最优的水氮管理措施。     

长期施肥对黄壤性水稻土有机碳矿化的影响

以贵州省农业科学院内黄壤性水稻土长期(22年)定位施肥试验为对象,采用室内模拟培养试验研究了不施肥(对照,CK)、施化肥(NPK)、低量有机无机肥配施(0.5MNPK)、施牛粪(M)和常量有机无机肥配施(MNPK)对土壤有机碳矿化的影响。结果表明:NPK处理土壤有机碳含量(21.6 g kg~(-1))与CK处理(22.8 g kg~(-1))基本相同,而0.5MNPK、M和MNPK处理的土壤有机碳含量较CK处理分别提高了30.6%、72.9%和62.2%,其中,M和MNPK处理差异达显著水平(p0.05)。模拟培养条件下,CO2产生速率在培养的第2天达到最大值,然后迅速下降,而后缓慢下降(第4~24天),后期(第24~30天)趋于稳定;各处理土壤有机碳矿化速率大小依次为:MMNPK0.5MNPKCKNPK,各处理土壤有机碳矿化速率随时间的动态变化均符合对数函数关系(p0.01)。培养结束(30 d)时,各处理土壤有机碳累积矿化量为1.23~2.37 g kg~(-1),以M处理和MNPK处理较高,较CK处理(1.46 g kg~(-1))分别增加了62.6%和44.2%(p0.05);各施肥处理土壤有机碳的累积矿化率(土壤有机碳累积矿化量/土壤有机碳含量)较CK处理(6.4%)均有所下降,以M处理和MNPK处理下降较多,降幅分别为1.2%和0.9%。土壤有机碳累积矿化量随培养天数的动态变化可以用一级动力学方程拟合(p0.01),模拟结果表明,CK处理土壤潜在可矿化有机碳量为1.55 g kg~(-1),与CK处理相比,NPK处理下降了11.6%,但差异不显著(p0.05),而有机肥处理(0.5MNPK、M和MNPK)有不同程度的提高(21.3%~73.6%),其中,M和MNPK处理提高幅度较大(p0.05);同时,MNPK处理能够提高土壤有机碳的周转速率,减少周转时间。上述结果指示黄壤性水稻土长期施用有机肥(0.5MNPK、M和MNPK)能够提高土壤有机碳的矿化速率,在促进土壤有机碳积累的同时降低其累积矿化率(单位有机碳矿化水平),增强土壤固碳能力。     

黑土区田块尺度土壤有机质含量遥感反演模型

为了对田块尺度土壤有机质进行空间反演并提高模型精度和稳定性,该文以黑龙江省黑土带41.3 hm~2田块为例,获取2016年5月中下旬两期(受限于拍摄周期和天气原因而选择不同卫星影像,2016年5月17日Landsat 8影像和5月25日Sentinel-2A影像)裸土时期遥感影像和4 m分辨率DEM数据;分析单期影像与土壤有机质(soil organic matter,SOM)的关系,两期影像所包含的土壤含水量变化信息与地形因素对SOM预测模型精度的影响,建立基于BP神经网络的SOM遥感反演模型。结果表明:该田块内SOM含量差异较大;利用单期影像预测SOM时,基于红波段和785~899 nm波段建立的预测模型精度(建模均方根误差RMSE 1.033,检验RMSE 1.079)和稳定性(建模决定系数R2 0.677,检验R20.644)较高;两期影像时,基于红波段和1 570~1 650 nm波段建立的预测模型精度(建模RMSE 0.855,检验RMSE 0.898)和稳定性(建模R2 0.792,检验R2 0.797)显著提高;在两期影像模型基础上,加入地形因子作为输入量,模型精度(建模RMSE 0.492,检验RMSE 0.499)和稳定性(建模R2 0.917,检验R2 0.928)进一步提高。研究成果可为土壤碳库估算和农田精准施肥提供理论与技术支持。     

施肥方式对紫色土农田生态系统N2O和NO排放的影响

依托紫色土施肥方式与养分循环长期试验平台(2002年—),采用静态箱-气相色谱法开展紫色土冬小麦-夏玉米轮作周期(2013年10月至2014年10月)农田生态系统N_2O和NO排放的野外原位观测试验。长期施肥方式包括单施氮肥(N)、传统猪厩肥(OM)、常规氮磷钾肥(NPK)、猪厩肥配施氮磷钾肥(OMNPK)和秸秆还田配施氮磷钾肥(RSDNPK)等5种,氮肥用量相同[小麦季130 kg(N)×hm~(-2),玉米季150 kg(N)×hm~(-2)],不施肥对照(CK)用于计算排放系数,对比不同施肥方式对紫色土典型农田生态系统土壤N_2O和NO排放的影响,以期探寻紫色土农田生态系统N_2O和NO协同减排的施肥方式。结果表明,所有施肥方式下紫色土N_2O和NO排放速率波动幅度大,且均在施肥初期出现峰值;强降雨激发N_2O排放,但对NO排放无明显影响。在整个小麦-玉米轮作周期,N、OM、NPK、OMNPK和RSDNPK处理的N_2O年累积排放量分别为1.40 kg(N)×hm~(-2)、4.60 kg(N)×hm~(-2)、0.95 kg(N)×hm~(-2)、2.16kg(N)×hm~(-2)和1.41 kg(N)×hm~(-2),排放系数分别为0.41%、1.56%、0.25%、0.69%、0.42%;NO累积排放量分别为0.57 kg(N)×hm~(-2)、0.40 kg(N)×hm~(-2)、0.39 kg(N)×hm~(-2)、0.46 kg(N)×hm~(-2)和0.17 kg(N)×hm~(-2),排放系数分别为0.21%、0.15%、0.15%、0.17%、0.07%。施肥方式对紫色土N_2O和NO累积排放量具有显著影响(P0.05),与NPK处理比较,OM和OMNPK处理的N_2O排放分别增加384%和127%,同时NO排放分别增加3%和18%;RSDNPK处理的NO排放减少56%。表明长期施用猪厩肥显著增加N_2O和NO排放,而秸秆还田有效减少NO排放。研究表明,土壤温度和水分条件均显著影响小麦季N_2O和NO排放(P0.01),对玉米季N_2O和NO排放没有显著影响(P0.05),土壤无机氮含量则是在小麦-玉米轮作期N_2O和NO排放的主要限制因子(P0.01)。全量秸秆还田与化肥配合施用是紫色土农田生态系统N_2O和NO协同减排的优化施肥方式。     

广西壮族自治区土地利用与土壤侵蚀的关系

[目的]对广西壮族自治区的土壤侵蚀现状进行定量分析,分析土地利用类型与土壤侵蚀的关系,为科学防治土壤侵蚀提供决策依据。[方法]以RUSLE模型为基础,引入喀斯特石漠化修正因子M,构建适合广西地区的土壤侵蚀模型。[结果](1)2015年,研究区土壤侵蚀模数为135.51t/(km~2·a),土壤侵蚀厚度达0.08mm/a,土壤侵蚀面积2.52×10~4 km~2,土壤侵蚀量3.21×10~7 t。其中,喀斯特地区土壤侵蚀面积1.86×10~4 km~2,占土壤侵蚀面积的73.81%,占总侵蚀量的31.01%。(2)土壤侵蚀量占总侵蚀量的大小顺序为:耕地(37.58%)林地(30.94%)草地(16.10%)园地(6.39%)工矿用地(4.09%)裸地(2.16%)。[结论]人类活动干扰强烈的土地利用影响全区土壤侵蚀空间分布格局。     

楔形减阻旋耕刀设计与试验

为解决旋耕整地作业阻力大、能耗高等问题,该文基于旋耕刀理论受力模型设计了一种楔形减阻旋耕刀。采用Inventor和HyperMesh软件分别创建国标旋耕刀及楔形减阻旋耕刀的三维模型和切削土壤模型,分析了楔形减阻旋耕刀的应力强度,对比了国标旋耕刀与楔形减阻旋耕刀的切削阻力。通过田间试验对比了国标旋耕刀与楔形减阻旋耕刀的扭矩、功耗与碎土率。结果表明:楔形减阻旋耕刀所受最大应力为29.49 MPa,远小于材料的屈服强度430 MPa,在保证刀身强度的前提下,与国标旋耕刀相比,楔形减阻旋耕刀质量减轻8.3%;平均切削阻力较国标旋耕刀下降10.65%。在相同工况条件下,楔形减阻旋耕刀的平均扭矩为648.916 N·m,较国标旋耕刀下降11.35%;楔形减阻旋耕刀的平均功耗为67.3kW,较国标旋耕刀下降9.29%,碎土率提高4%,耐磨性能与国标旋耕刀持平,能够达到在降低作业功耗的同时,提高耕作质量并保证刀具使用寿命。     

不同坡位植被生长状况与土壤养分空间分布特征

地形和土壤是影响植被群落的重要因素,植被生长状况与土壤养分含量随地形而变化。以吴起县枣庄沟小流域为研究区,采用样方法对不同坡位草地植被群落进行了植被调查,采集0—20cm的表层土壤测定土壤有机质、全氮、全磷含量,研究不同坡位上植被群落与土壤养分变化关系,以期了解黄土高原丘陵沟壑区地形对植被恢复的影响机制,为当地生态恢复提供科学依据与指导。结果表明:不同坡位上草地植被群落物种多样性、丰富度及地上生物量虽无显著差异,但各项指标均表现出坡下>坡中>坡上的趋势,这与土壤养分含量变化趋势相同。其中坡下位置各项土壤养分含量均为最大,植被生长状况最好;而沟坡位置土壤有机质含量、全氮含量、物种丰富度指数与地上生物量均为最低。植被生长状况与土壤养分在不同地形上变化趋势基本一致,具有一定相关性。