无人机遥测技术在水土保持生态果园改造监测中的应用

以江西水土保持生态科技园为研究区,通过无人机遥测技术以及地理信息系统,对生态果园水土保持措施进行图斑化、信息化管理研究.结果表明:无人机遥测技术获取的不同阶段的航飞影像可用于生态果园改造的动态监测;利用Agisoft photoscan软件处理航飞影像可生成高分辨的数字正射影像(DOM)以及数字地表模型(DSM)数据;利用生成的DOM,结合地理信息系统,可获取生态果园水土保持措施的分布、数量、长度等信息,建立生态果园水土保持措施数据库,并输出报表和专题图.经与实际量测长度验证,基于DOM提取的长度平均精度为97.99％;与实测坡度验证,基于DSM数据提取的坡度平均精度为88.91％.无人机遥测技术能够快速、准确、自动获取地物的面积、长度、坡度等指标数据,可满足当前水土保信息化的要求,提升综合治理项目实施监测的信息化水平,提高施工监测的质量和效率.     

潮土小麦和玉米Olsen-P农学阈值及其差异分析

【目的】磷农学阈值是指导不同作物磷肥用量并获取最佳经济产量的重要依据,然而,不同地区不同的耕作制度、土壤类型、作物种类、pH、温湿度条件下,作物的磷农学阈值不同。明确小麦–玉米轮作体系下,典型潮土区小麦和玉米的磷农学阈值,并分析其差异。【方法】本研究基于“国家潮土土壤肥力与肥料效益长期监测站”25年的定位试验,选取氮、钾肥施用充足和磷肥用量不同的NK (不施磷肥)、NPK (施用氮磷钾化肥)、NPKM (氮磷钾化肥和有机肥配施)、1.5NPKM (高量氮磷钾化肥配施有机肥)、NPKS (氮磷钾化肥与玉米秸秆还田配施) 5个处理的试验数据,使用米切里西指数模型 (Mitscherlich exponential model) 拟合小麦和玉米的Olsen-P农学阈值,并通过对比不同土壤磷水平下两种作物的磷吸收利用特性,分析其阈值不同的原因。【结果】获得最大相对产量的95%时,潮土区小麦Olsen-P农学阈值为13.1 mg/kg,玉米Olsen-P农学阈值为7.5 mg/kg。玉米Olsen-P农学阈值低于小麦主要原因:1) 土壤磷水平较低时,小麦对磷缺乏更为敏感,而玉米可保持相对较强的吸磷能力,25年不施磷处理玉米吸磷量是小麦的1.4倍;2) 土壤Olsen-P含量达到玉米阈值,而未能达到小麦阈值时,可保障玉米籽粒、茎秆及小麦籽粒正常生长对磷的需求,但小麦茎秆磷浓度仅能达到相对最大磷浓度的68.9%,严重影响了小麦的正常生长和获取较高产量的能力;土壤Olsen-P含量提高到小麦阈值后,小麦茎秆磷浓度提高到相对最大磷浓度的80.5%以上,进而可保障小麦获得较高的产量;3) 土壤磷素养分充足时,小麦对磷的吸收量大于玉米,且主要是由于小麦茎秆磷浓度和吸磷量随土壤Olsen-P含量的增加而大幅度增加。【结论】小麦和玉米作为典型潮土区两种重要的粮食作物,Olsen-P农学阈值分别为13.1和7.5 mg/kg。由于两种作物的生理特性不同,小麦对磷素的吸收利用率较低,茎秆需要较高的土壤磷浓度维持正常生长,产量形成对磷养分需求更大。因此,小麦–玉米轮作体系下,小麦的磷农学阈值更高,小麦季所需土壤磷供应量大于玉米季。为增强磷肥利用效率,减少磷肥投入量和土壤中磷素的过量累积,玉米季磷肥使用量应适当小于小麦季。当土壤Olsen-P水平高于作物磷农学阈值后,减少或短时间停止施用磷肥并不会对作物产量有明显影响。     

Landscape,Soil, and Plant Analysis of Japanese Stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum) Invasion in the Piedmont Region,SC

Japanese stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum), an exotic invasive plant, is native to Southeast Asia. This study was conducted to determine the chemical composition of Japanese stiltgrass as well as soil and landscape characteristics that correlate with invasion of Japanese stiltgrass around Lake Issaqueena in the upper Piedmont of South Carolina. Geographic Information Systems (GISs) and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) were used to determine the spatial pattern of invasion with respect to the aspect, slope, canopy cover, soils, and distance to roads and trails. Japanese stiltgrass was distributed on both sides of Lake Issaqueena in Pacolet and Madison soil map units (Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults) on the average slopes of 21%, but it was particularly common on the eastern shore of the lake in low-lying wet and shaded areas (mean canopy cover 51%). In addition, invasion by Japanese stiltgrass was correlated with the proximity to roads and trails. Plant tissue analysis revealed many differences in the distribution of macronutrients, macrominerals, and micronutrients in the leaves, stems, and roots of Japanese stiltgrass, although those differences were not always statistically significant. Concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and calcium (Ca) were the highest in leaves while zinc (Zn) concentrations were the highest in stems and concentrations of magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and sodium (Na) tended to be higher in roots. Carbon (C), sulfur (S), and potassium (K) concentrations were generally higher in above-ground tissues versus roots. Soil chemical analysis revealed no statistical differences between control and invaded plots. Our findings suggest that watershed areas surrounding lakes may be particularly susceptible to the invasion of Japanese stiltgrass due to their microclimates, low-lying wet pathways for seed distribution and recreational uses.     

Site-Specific Nitrogen Management in Rice Using Remote Sensing and Geostatistics

Proper doses of nitrogenous fertilizer are most important for rice production system because a large part of the nitrogen may be lost if it is not applied judiciously. A study was conducted covering five blocks of Balasore and two blocks of Bhadrak districts. Soil samples were collected randomly, and field visit was conducted during peak vegetative stage of rice. Two approaches have been used in this study for estimating the site-specific nitrogen (N) requirement in the study area. In one approach, geostatisical analysis and kriging was used to develop the soil test–based N recommendation map by which a minimum of 72 kg N ha^?1 and maximum of 94 kg N ha^?1 were recommended. In a second approach, remote sensing was used and N recommendation map was developed using the moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) leaf area index (LAI) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) satellite data, and a minimum requirement of 60 kg N ha^?1 and maximum of 120 kg N ha^?1 was estimated through this approach.     

Temporal variation of total and DTPA-extractable heavy metal contents as influenced by sewage sludge and perlite in a calcareous soil

Continuous application of sewage sludge (SS) as a source of organic matter, may increase available heavy metals (HMs) up to their critical levels. As a consequence their uptake by plants, risks of accumulation in food chain and groundwater pollution increases. To evaluate the effects of perlite and SS on total content and available fraction of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) over 45 and 90 days a completely randomized pot experiment was conducted. Treatments consisted of SS (0, 2 and 4%) and combined SS and perlite levels (1:1, 1.5:0.5 and 0.5:1.5% SS:perlite). Mean available Fe, Ni, Cd, Mn and Zn fractions decreased over time by 7–27%, whereas, total contents did not change. Available HMs in SS-treated soils increased by 0.5–25%; whereas, only total Zn, Cu and Pb concentrations increased with SS application (although concentrations fall in the range of critical levels). The lowest (1.6 fold) and highest (22.1 fold) increases obtained for available Cu and Zn, respectively. Perlite could mitigate the adverse effect of high rate application of SS on amplification of HMs extractability. Therefore, their concomitant applications can be suggested considering the perlite durability and its positive effects on soil physical properties.     

黄河下游引黄灌区弃土区不同土地利用方式改良土壤功能评价

[目的]探讨黄河下游引黄灌区弃土区不同土地利用方式对土壤改良的影响,为该区集中弃土区水土保持生态建设中植被恢复模式的构建提供科学依据和技术参考。[方法]以山东省滨州市小开河引黄灌区的刺槐纯林、杨树+花生农林间作和大豆农田为研究对象,测定分析不同土地利用方式下的土壤抗侵蚀能力、土壤蓄水性能及土壤养分含量等指标。采用模糊数学隶属函数法对3种土地利用方式的改良土壤功能进行综合评价。[结果]3种土地利用方式可显著增强土壤抗蚀性、改善土壤物理结构、增强土壤蓄水性能和土壤养分。土壤抗蚀能力依次表现为:杨树+花生农林间作大豆农田刺槐纯林裸地。大豆农田改善土壤物理性状能力优于刺槐纯林和农林间作;土壤蓄水能力表现为:大豆农田刺槐纯林农林间作裸地;在增强土壤渗透、减少地表径流方面,农林间作最好,刺槐纯林次之,大豆农田最差。土壤有机质、速效氮和速效磷含量均表现为:大豆农田农林间作刺槐纯林裸地,而土壤速效钾含量表现为:刺槐纯林大豆农田农林间作裸地。[结论]引黄灌区弃土区改良土壤功能强弱综合评价为:大豆农田杨树+花生农林间作刺槐纯林。建议在该区域水土流失治理的土地利用方式选择上优先采用大豆农田,其次为农林间作。     

地膜残留量对新疆棉田蒸散及棵间蒸发的影响

为探讨残膜对干旱区农田蒸散耗水特征的影响,在新疆阿克苏典型覆膜滴灌棉田开展2 a小区试验研究,设计0、225、450 kg/hm2共3种不同的地膜残留量,采用水量平衡法,微型棵间蒸发仪法,于主要生育时期测定并计算土壤含水量、蒸散量、棵间蒸发量、作物蒸腾量、棵间蒸发占蒸散的比例。结果表明:随着地膜残留量增加棵间蒸发量、棵间蒸发占蒸散的比例呈增大趋势,而蒸散量及作物蒸腾量则逐渐减小。与无残膜处理相比,225和450 kg/hm2处理全生育期田间无效耗水的棵间蒸发量分别增加了9.27和22.20 mm,棵间蒸发占蒸散的比例增幅分别为2.6%和6.1%,作物蒸腾量降低34.89和55.94 mm。在棉花生育期内,棵间蒸发占蒸散的比例(E/ET)与叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)呈幂函数关系,各处理间棵间蒸发占蒸散的比例对叶面积指数的响应差异不同,450 kg/hm2处理蒸发占蒸散的比例随着LAI的增加,曲线下降趋势较明显;无残膜处理棵间蒸发占蒸散的比例与LAI的决定系数最高,均在0.9以上。土壤水分利用率也随残膜量的增加依次降低,当残膜量由0增加到450 kg/hm2时,土壤水分利用率从28.25%降至24.91%,可见,残膜增大了农田的无效耗水,不利于土壤水分的有效利用。研究可为制定缓解或克服残膜危害的应变调控技术提供依据。     

轮作模式对滩涂土壤有机碳及团聚体的影响

通过3年的田间试验,对比研究了在不施肥及施等量氮肥处理下,水旱轮作、旱旱轮作方式对苏北滩涂轻度盐渍化农田土壤脱盐、土壤有机碳、土壤团聚体的影响。结果表明:相同盐分背景条件下,水旱轮作、旱旱轮作两种利用方式下土壤盐分平均分别下降30%和10%,p H分别下降3%和0,水旱轮作更有利于滨海滩涂轻度盐渍化土壤的快速脱盐及降碱。两种轮作模式下土壤有机碳及大团聚体(2.0 mm)含量均随耕作年限而增长,且在不施肥和施肥的情况下,水旱轮作0~10 cm土层的土壤有机碳增长分别高于旱旱轮作约83%和75%;而大团聚体含量相比旱旱轮作分别高出11%和26%。水旱轮作模式对滨海滩涂盐渍化土壤的脱盐、增碳以及结构改良上均显著好于旱旱轮作模式。     

一种可用于评估土壤团聚体稳定性的超声能量法

团聚体稳定性是土壤质量的重要指标。鉴于当前团聚体稳定性难以定量的研究现状,本文提出一个可定量评估土壤团聚体稳定性的超声能量法,并与传统Yoder湿筛法对比分析了稳定性土样(浙江潮土、重庆黄壤土、江西红壤)和弱稳定性土样(河北壤土和黑龙江暗棕壤)五种典型土壤的5~3mm粒级团聚体的平均重量直径(MWD)和团聚体粒径分布(ASD)。结果表明:(1)测试土样的稳定性为潮土红壤黄壤土暗棕壤壤土;(2)超声能量法分散强度大,分散效率高,更适用于稳定性土样的评估,对于弱稳定性土样的评估则不如传统Yoder湿筛法。因此,评估土壤团聚体稳定性时可以选择合适的测量方法以提高分辨精度,即强稳定性土壤对比分析应选用超声能量法,而弱稳定性土壤对比分析则可以用Yoder湿筛法。     

高原湿地纳帕海土壤持水力对不同放牧的响应

选择滇西北高原纳帕海湿地作为研究对象,对生物践踏型(牛、羊践踏)与生物扰动型(藏香猪翻拱)放牧作用下的湿地土壤持水力特征进行对比研究。结果表明:(1)不同放牧方式显著影响湿地土壤理化性质以及土壤持水力。牛羊践踏型放牧下的土壤有机质、总孔隙度、自然含水量以及最大持水量、有机质均显著(P0.05)高于扰动型放牧,而践踏型放牧下的土壤容重显著(P0.05)低于扰动型放牧;(2)不同研究区域,土壤持水力对放牧的响应不同。布伦放牧区土壤最大持水力在2种放牧方式下的差异不显著(P0.05),而哈木古和伊拉放牧区的土壤最大持水力在2种放牧方式下均有显著差异(P0.05);(3)不同季节,土壤持水力指标对放牧的响应程度亦不相同。在旱季,土壤持水力在2种放牧方式下的差异性较雨季更为显著(P0.01)。研究表明,湿地土壤水源涵养功能与放牧方式、放牧季节和放牧区域有关。基于湿地水源涵养功能的保护,应取缔土壤扰动型放牧,有效调控践踏型放牧的强度并减少旱季放牧。