依托示范基地建设 提升农机科技应用水平

重点介绍在新疆粮食、棉花、特色林果业和畜牧业四大基地建设中,农机化新技术、新机具引进推广运用过程中带来农牧民增收的巨大成就,提出围绕四大基地建设进一步做好农机推广项目的具体措施及对策。     

西双版纳扩建自然保护区的植物组成多样性特征

通过对西双版纳扩建自然保护区的实地考察,标本鉴定并查阅有关文献,运用吴征镒的植物地理学原理与方法全面系统地研究了该保护区的植物区系组成。在此基础上,从种子植物的科、属分布,植物区系的特点等方面,论述了西双版纳扩建自然保护区的植物组成多样性特征。     

福建省数字林业网络构架与延伸技术研究

以福建省数字林业网络构架与延伸技术为研究对象,论述了实现国家、省、设区市、县、乡级林业管理部门间的互联互通、信息共享的网络构建与延伸技术方法和实现过程。通过网络构建与延伸可以实现纵向与各级林业主管部门进行数据交换和信息共享,横向可以与福建省其他相关行业进行数据交换和信息共享,从而加快林业信息化过程,进一步提高了林业主管部门的管理、决策和服务水平,满足建设生态省和实现林业可持续发展的需要,推动福建省林业现代化和数字林业进程,实现林业跨越式发展。     

云南省造林项目科技推广模式研究

在云南省进行集体林权制度改革的背景下,以造林项目科技推广为对象,结合中国国情和云南省情,借鉴国内外相关的研究成果,以构建云南省造林项目科技推广模式为核心展开了全面系统的研究。通过采用理论和实践相结合、定性和定量分析相结合、比较和实证分析相结合的研究方法,在引建市场机制的前提下,构建了以造林项目科技推广主体为中心,风险控制体系、实施体系和指标评价体系全方位结合的云南省造林项目科技推广模式;提出在社会主义市场经济环境下,造林项目科技推广是市场行为,必须在生态经济、资源经济与市场经济相结合的理论指导下实施,将林业科技推广人员的行为与项目受益者的利益取向进行趋同化引导,形成科研与生产相结合、项目管理与科技推广相结合、推广者与受益人相结合的协调发展局面。     

Applied Behavior Analysis as a Development Tool: Examples from Agroforestry

ABSTRACT

Applied behavior analysis can be used by development practitioners to improve the design and implementation of development programs. Programs are most successful when the goals and consequences of change agents, strategists, and adopters align, as we demonstrate with real-world examples from international agroforestry projects. We focus on the role of change agents acting as intermediaries between change strategists, such as large development agencies, and development adopters, the rural farmers who implement agroforestry projects. We describe three aspects that are particularly important for agroforestry projects: (1) identifying the rules being used, (2) assessing the roles and reinforcement contingencies of both individuals and larger groups, and (3) being flexible and able to respond to rapid change.     

Evaluating agroforestry interventions in extension projects

Because of the relative dearth of scientific information in agroforestry, monitoring and evaluation of agroforestry technologies in development projects plays an important role in the development and improvement of technical extension recommendations. To identify appropriate methodologies, ICRAF conducted in 1988–89 a review of agroforestry technology monitoring and evaluation in 166 projects worldwide, of which 108 responded. Almost 80% of these were involved in technology evaluation. Many extension projects were conducting research to test technologies on-farm or on research plots. Technology evaluation by projects focused on the biological of trees, often with inadequate consideration of the technology context. Few projects seemed to use farmer assessment in evaluation. Recommendations are made for an effective evaluation process and selection of appropriate methods and variables to be assessed by projects. Methods should be selected according to the availability of resources and should favour collaborative or collegial interaction between farmers and project staff.     

Agroforestry training and extension: the experience from Haiti

An agroforestry project was funded by the US Agency for International Development and implemented by the Pan American Development Foundation in Haiti from 1981 to 1991. This project is considered by many to be one of the most successful projects of its kind in Haiti, and in the tropics as a whole. Over the ten years of its implementation, the project, referred to in Haitian Creole as Pwoje Pyebwa (Tree Project), evolved from a tree production and planting project to a much broader soil-conservation-based program involving trees. This paper summarizes the training and extension systems that developed during that period. The socioeconomic background studies that were done before the project began, and the flexible, consultative mode of field-team implementation, incorporating elements of the learning process approach, were important to the success of the project. During the implementation of the project, however, concern for farmer input and participation should have been incorporated more systematically into the field operations of the regional teams.     

农业机械推广鉴定证后监督的实践与思考

为总结利用农机证后监督工作成果,进一步创新完善监督制度,深入推进农业机械化领域“放管服”改革,回顾农机证后监督发展历程,定义为4个阶段：起步摸索阶段、常态规范阶段、创新发展阶段、完善提升阶段。介绍证后监督总体实施情况,包括监督检查内容、工作程序及历年抽查数量、完成率、抽查产品的地域分布及种类分布分析。基于结果数据分析发现整改确认后合格占比呈下降趋势、不合格占比呈上升趋势、证后监督权威日益显现等趋势性变化,并结合政策文件制修订背景分析证后监督结果趋势性变化的原因。通过深入分析不合格及整改等原因,发现获证企业对政策了解不足、对产品一致性管理不足、对证书和标志的动态管理不足、生产经营异常现象日益增多等经营管理现状。针对证后监督总体实施情况及发现问题,提出需加大抽查证书数量及产品种类、加强政策宣传及人员培训、建立信用风险分类监管制度、进一步挖掘潜力强化证后监督作用的政策建议。     

Frozen bread dough: Effects of freezing storage and dough improvers

This review focuses on the effects of freezing storage on the microstructure and baking performance of frozen doughs, and provides an overview of the activities of dough improvers, including emulsifiers, hydrocolloids and other improvers used in frozen dough applications. The overall quality of bread baked from frozen dough deteriorates as the storage of the dough at sub-zero temperatures increases due to several factors which are discussed. Lipid-related emulsifiers such as diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono and diglycerides and sucrose esters employed as anti-staling agents, dough modifiers, shortening sparing agents, and as improvers for the production of high-protein bread have also been employed in frozen doughs. Hydrocolloids are gaining importance in the baking industry as dough improvers due to their ability to induce structural changes in the main components of wheat flour systems during breadmaking steps and bread storage Their effects in frozen doughs is discussed. Other dough improvers, such as ascorbic acid, honey and green tea extract, are also reviewed in the context of frozen doughs.     

基于EAHP的农机供应链服务质量评价应用

为提高农机供应链服务水平,针对以制造企业为核心的农机供应链,从组织形态模型、服务业务、价值增值和其他方面四个角度建立农机供应链服务质量评价体系。建立指标数据的可拓物元模型,通过可拓层次分析法,定性定量的表达出农机供应链服务质量的等级及其在该等级范围中的水平,并结合具体案例进行评价。结果表明,该农机供应链的服务质量为优等级,关联度达到0.0727,与供应链实际运作情况一致。