现代农业背景下的农业科技推广人才培养

为深入了解农业科技推广人员在现代农业发展中的作用,分析现阶段人才供需情况,创新现有的人才培养机制,笔者从资金供给、体系建设、进人机制、人员素质等方面介绍了现代农业背景下农业推广队伍所面临的现实问题,针对配置需求、培养需求、资源利用进行实证研究,并根据当前发展现代农业的需求,提出推广人才培养的具体建议。笔者研究认为,现阶段推广人才培养应进一步完善管理体制、加强业务培训、创新推广方式、优化人才结构、健全法律法规,努力构建多元参与、供需平衡的推广人才培养新机制。     

新形势下中国农业农村信息化发展的挑战与前景

结合2014年中央一号文件,分析了中国农业农村信息化建设面临的重要挑战,剖析了可持续发展、粮食安全、农业生产经营模式、城乡一体化、乡村治理等重点问题,指出未来中国农业农村信息化的研究和工作重点,并在此基础上提出未来加快中国农业农村信息化建设的对策。     

米黑根毛霉脂肪酶基因密码子优化及重叠延伸PCR合成

[目的]对米黑根毛霉脂肪酶基因的密码子进行优化,并采用重叠延伸PCR合成设计的基因序列。[方法]根据毕赤酵母(Pichiapastoris)密码子使用偏好性,对米黑根毛霉脂肪酶成熟肽基因进行全面密码子优化,根据优化后的氨基酸编码序列设计合成30条长度约为48 bp的寡核苷酸片段,并采用重叠延伸PCR法扩增合成全长基因序列。[结果]经凝胶电泳和酶切鉴定、测序分析表明,合成的目的基因与设计的序列相一致。[结论]该研究为脂肪酶基因在毕赤酵母中的构建及后续表达奠定了基础。     

基于对称相似关系的不完备信息系统粗糙集拓展模型

在分析基于相容关系、非对称相似关系和限制容差关系的粗糙集扩展模型基础上,提出对称相似关系及其粗糙集扩展模型,并讨论其性质.这种扩展模型是其他几种扩展模型的改进,能较好地解决相容关系和限制容差关系条件的过于宽松以及非对称相似关系条件过于严格的问题.该模型的粗糙性介于相容关系与非对称相似关系的粗糙集扩展模型的粗糙性之间.     

Dual effects of reversed winter–spring temperatures on year‐to‐year variation in the recruitment of chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus)

To clarify the effects of temperature on the recruitment of chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) in the North Pacific, we investigated the influence of winter surface temperature (WST) on spawners at the time of maturity around the spawning grounds and the influence of ambient spring temperature on larvae using estimated temperature (ET) obtained from particle tracking experiments. We found a significant positive correlation between ET approximately 10 days following hatching and the recruitment per spawning stock biomass (RPS) after 2000. The closer (more meandering) the Kuroshio Current (KC) axis was in relation to the spawning ground, the higher (lower) the spring surface temperature and the higher (lower) RPS was in the spawning ground. In contrast, WST inside KC near the maturity/spawning ground was significantly negatively correlated with RPS. A significant negative correlation between the temperatures in winter and spring was detected in the area after 2000, when the conditions of the Pacific decadal oscillation index and the stability of the Kuroshio Extension were synchronous, indicating that KC shifted northward during this time. The reversed temperature pattern was consistent with the winter–spring movement of KC axis in the offshore direction and was correlated with the winter–spring difference in the intensity of the Aleutian low. These results suggest that the annual variation in chub mackerel recruitment after 2000 was strongly affected by the combined effects of ambient temperature because of the reversal of conditions that occurred between winter and spring around the maturity/spawning ground, which was related to the KC path.     

中隔墩长度对斜式轴伸泵装置出水流道水力特性的影响

为研究大型低扬程泵站斜式出水流道水力特性,采用数值模拟方法对某斜20°轴伸泵装置三维湍流流场进行了数值计算,发现斜式出水流道内存在严重的偏流问题,基于4种计算方案的数值模拟结果分析了偏流的成因,在研究了中隔墩长度对斜式出水流道流态和水头损失影响的基础上提出了解决偏流的措施,并得到模型试验的验证。研究结果表明:顺水流方向看,中隔墩长度为14 m时的斜式出水流道内的主流明显偏于左侧,在流道右侧下部存在较大范围的旋涡区;导叶体出口具有较大周向速度分量的水流呈螺旋状进入"S"形弯曲的斜式出水流道,两者相互作用导致斜式出水流道产生偏流;随着中隔墩长度的增加,斜式出水流道左右孔的偏流系数逐渐减小、流道水头损失呈先减小再增大趋势,当中隔墩加长至23.35m时出水流道左右两侧的出流流量达到基本相等;采用长中隔墩斜式出水流道的泵装置模型试验最优工况点效率达到80.56%,泵装置模型试验结果与数值模拟结果一致,取得了预期的纠偏效果,得到有关工程设计院的认可,并应用于工程实际。     

巴州区农业科技推广体系的调查与研究

分析巴州区农业科技推广呈现推广机构多元化、推广方式多样化、推广载体多类化、服务形式多种化的基本特点,农业科技推广采取理顺管理体制、加强设施建设、强化岗位管理、加大投入力度、提高队伍素质的主要措施,存在农技推广经费不充足、农技人员结构不合理、服务对象覆盖不全面、社会推广组织不规范、绩效考核机制不健全的问题,提出了抓好两个宣讲、注重两个培育、理顺两个体制、加大两个力度、强化两个重点的对策办法.     

水产品进出口贸易对渔业经济增长的影响——基于沿海地区的面板数据实证分析

随着沿海地区经济的不断发展,沿海地区渔业和水产品进出口贸易的发展取得了巨大的成就。以我国沿海地区11个省市2003—2007年的水产品进出口贸易额、固定资产投资额、渔业劳动力和渔业经济产值数据为样本,采用出口扩展型生产函数模型,运用面板数据进行实证分析。实证结果表明:沿海地区各省市水产品出口、进口都对渔业经济增长有正向的拉动作用,且拉动作用的趋势相同。     

Characterizing Farmer Users and Nonusers of Mass Media as Channels of Agricultural Information in Benue State,Nigeria

This study characterized farmer users and nonusers of mass media as channels of agricultural information. A structured interview was used to obtain data from 316 randomly selected farmers in Benue State, Nigeria. The data were subjected to discriminant analysis and the following socioeconomic characteristics significantly differed at a 5% level of probability between users and nonusers of mass media (and their F-ratio values): education (6.30), income (5.12), gender (4.84), and socioeconomic status (4.83). Farmer users of mass media are therefore those who have good level of education, belong to a relatively high income bracket, and are typically male and of a relatively high socioeconomic status. Farmers’ socioeconomic characteristics should be considered in planning mass media usage in agricultural information dissemination.     

浅析新时期我国农业推广中存在的问题及科学应对策略

依据我国新时期农业发展的优势环境展开了农业推广进程中普遍存在问题的深入分析,并针对目前农业发展中重科研、轻推广,机制建立不健全等现状制定了切实可行的应对策略,对促进我国农业的成果转化与合理推广有重要的实践意义。