我国刑事辩护面临的问题与对策

我国刑事辩护中的主要问题是:对律师、法官、检察官职业的性质定位不当;刑事诉讼法对辩护制度的规定前后矛盾、脱节;对律师执业的限制过多以及国家本位、权力本位观念的影响。应树立权利本位观念;确立沉默权制度、证据开示制度、律师刑事辩护豁免权制度以及程序违法的制裁制度。     

Factors Affecting Fertility According to the Postpartum Period in Crossbred Dual-Purpose Suckling Cows in the Tropics

To determine the relationship between first service conception rate (FSC) and the postpartum period (PP), 6160 calvings from 2250 crossbred dual-purpose cows were analysed. The effects of breed predominance (BT: Bos taurus and BI: Bos indicus), season of service (dry, intermediate and humid), parity (1 or 2 and more), agroecological region (Sub-humid and Dry Tropical Forest) and milk production were studied. The postpartum period was grouped according to the calving–first service interval as G1 ≤ 60 days (n = 1889); G2 > 60 ≤ 90 days (n = 1436); G3 > 90 ≤ 120 days (n = 1030); and G4 > 120 days (n = 1805). Data were analysed by chi-squared test. The overall mean for FSC was 58.2% and was lower in G1 (p < 0.01). All PP showed a breed effect on FSC, with mean values of 61.6% and 53.3% for BI and BT, respectively. Season of service also affected FSC, which was significantly lower during the humid period: 51.2% versus 57.4% and 61.5% for the intermediate and dry periods (p < 0.01), respectively. Parity and environmental effects were not observed on FSC. Levels of milk yield did influence the FSC, which decreased from 66.7% and 61.0% for milk yields of < 1500 kg and between 1501 and 2000 kg to 46.0% in milk yields > 2000 kg (p < 0.01).     

Monthly variation of fertility and oestrus frequency in crossbred dual-purpose cows in three agroecological areas of the South American tropics

The aim of this study was to examine the monthly variation of the first service conception (FSC) and oestrus frequency (OF) from 8308 artificial inseminations (AI) of 2960 crossbred dual-purpose cows on three commercial farms with improved management located in the Maracaibo Lake Basin, Venezuela. The effects of month of the year, agroecological area (from dry tropical forest to sub-humid tropical forest on the three farms), predominant breed (BT, Bos taurus; BI, Bos indicus), and season (December–April}; May–August; and September–November) were considered. Data were analysed using logistic regression (FSC) and GLM (OF) from SAS. The mean FSC was 55.4% overall and 48.7%, 57.0% and 58.3% for farms A, B and C, respectively (p < 0.01). Within the three agroecological areas (farms A, B and C), the FSC was highest during the cooler and drier months of the year (season 1), while the lowest FSC was obtained during the months of highest rainfall and humidity (season 3) (53.3% vs 37.4%; 58.5% vs 49.0% and 63.0% vs 52.3% on farms A, B, C, respectively; p < 0.01). In the three studied farms, OF was higher during the first 4 months of the year; with a diminishing trend towards the end of the year (p % 0.05). In general, BI cows had a higher FSC than BT cows, especially during the second half of the year, when environmental conditions were characterized by higher rainfall and humidity with lower wind velocity (58.8%^a 55.5%^b and 46.4%^c in season 1, 2 and 3 respectively; ^{a, b, c} p < 0.01).     

关门山国家森林公园发展趋势

阐述关门山AAAA级森林公园具备的旅游开发发展优势、有利条件,指出其存在的问题与不足,并提出发展构想。     

城市燃气管网的完整性管理

不同地区城市燃气管道的建设和运营管理水平存在很大差距,在保障燃气管网安全运行方面存在诸多问题,亟需针对燃气输配管网开展完整性管理。简述了国内外燃气管道失效事故和主要诱因,梳理了相关标准和规范。提出了燃气管网完整性管理理念:综合考虑影响管网完整性的所有因素,采取一体化管理模式,达到经济合理地保证管网安全有效运行的目的。建立了燃气管网完整性管理体系框架,包括管理体系和技术体系两个层面,贯穿应用于组织完整性、数据完整性和管理过程完整性之中,并保持一定的灵活性。完整性管理技术是实施燃气管网完整性管理的核心,通过有机结合形成了6步循环管理流程,持续完善各种完整性管理技术,可以提升燃气管网的本质安全和运营效益。     

关于建立林业生态建设项目支出绩效评价体系的构想

笔者从林业生态建设项目支出管理过程中存在的突出问题入手,提出了建立林业生态建设项目支出绩效评价体系的缘由和必要性,分析了存在的困难和问题,提出了解决问题的初步构想。     

Effects of AI protocol and time interval from onset of estrus to AI on conception rate in Japanese Black cows

Two different artificial insemination (AI) protocols were investigated to determine the effect of the time interval from the onset of estrus (as detected by a pedometer) to the AI on the conception rate in Japanese Black cows. Seventy‐three cows were divided into two groups that received AI either after the induction of synchronized ovulation (synchronized AI group; n = 26) or at the time of observed estrus (control AI group; n = 47). Each group was further divided into two subgroups, which were artificially inseminated either 0–12 h (early AI group; n = 21) or 12–24 h (late AI group; n = 52) after the onset of estrus. There was no significant difference in the conception rate between the synchronized AI and control AI groups. The AI protocol and the detection of estrus using a threshold of counted steps (as measured by a pedometer) in this study could be effective for planned reproduction management without the observation of standing estrus in Japanese Black cows.     

Conception rates to fixed-time artificial insemination of two oestrus synchronisation programmes in dairy heifers

AIM: To evaluate the conception rate to fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) of two oestrus synchronisation programmes in dairy heifers on eight farms over 2 years.

METHODS: The study was conducted in 2008 and 2010 on eight farms near Palmerston North, New Zealand. Nulliparous Friesian and Friesian×Jersey heifers (13–15 months of age) were randomly allocated to one of two oestrus synchronisation programmes. Group 1 (GPG+P4; n=330), received gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) I/M on Day 0, a progesterone (P4)-releasing intravaginal device from Days 0–7, prostaglandin F_2α (PGF) I/M on Day 7 and a second dose of GnRH at the time of FTAI on Day 9. The second group (P4+PGF; n=343) received a P4-releasing intravaginal device from Days 0–7, PGF on Day 6 and FTAI on Day 9. Pregnancy was diagnosed from Days 42–52 by transrectal ultrasonography.

RESULTS: The overall conception rate was 52.4% and 54.8% for the GPG+P4 and P4+PGF groups, respectively. The odds of conception for the two treatments were not different (OR=0.90; 95% CI=0.67–1.23), nor was there any difference between groups in different years (p=0.58). Farm affected conception rate (p=0.002), but there was no interaction with treatment (p=0.92) .

CONCLUSIONS: This study has shown that an alternative synchronisation programme can produce similar results in terms of conception rate to the GPG+P4 treatment, currently commonly used in heifers. More research is required to establish whether other modifications to the GPG+P4 programme can produce similar results at lower costs, and to identify and quantify farm factors which affect the economic benefit of heifer synchronisation.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study indicated that synchronising heifers with P4 and PGF resulted in conception rates equivalent to those resulting from a GPG+P4 treatment, but with reduced drug costs. However, because heifers in the GPG+P4 group received the second GnRH injection at the time of AI, they needed only three yardings as opposed to the four required for the heifers treated with P4 and PGF. Thus, the choice of programme for an individual farm will depend on that farm's circumstances, in particular the cost of yarding the heifers.     

雕塑艺术在园林中的体现

中国园林雕塑源远流长,“石头”文化开创了园林雕塑的先河,它体现着一种文化和审美,象征着一种精神和意境。雕塑是环境艺术,它具有依附性,雕塑家的作品创作仅仅是完成了室内创作的一部分,园林雕塑重要的是要接受大环境的检验,一件优秀的作品,是艺术和环境诸方面的统一体,“神形兼备”是艺术的最高境界,只有形与神、神与境的完美统一才是园林雕塑的完美体现。     

浅谈我国古典园林中意境与诗词绘画的关系

我国的古典园林大多是自然山水园,造园讲究其意境,依据造园法则将置景要素进行合理的组织安排,追求其“景外之景、物外之象”,其中诗词绘画在古代造园中的广泛应用对意境的创设和表达起着至关重要的作用。